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Hudson River Shipwrecks Secretly Mapped 262. The crew escaped in small boats. It has cut deep gorges along much of its course, and commands one of the greatest drainage basins in North America, totalling 660,500 km 2 (156,000 km 2 of which are in Canada). Courtesy of the Columbia Pacific Heritage Museum in Ilwaco. Lively pictorial bird's-eye view of Seattle, in Washington, published by Harvey Hutter & Co. in New York, in 1989. there are a few sites that . Call for reservations: 800-452-5687. The Graveyard of the Pacific and the Columbia Bar. Hazards at the "Bar" T Graveyard of the Pacific - Oregon SABLE ISLAND, a crescent-shaped sandbar 300 km east-southeast (160 nautical miles) of Halifax, is also infamous for its shipwrecks, and is known as "the Graveyard of the Atlantic," as its shifting sands have been the site of over 350 such incidents. Wreck is believed to be that of the wooden propeller Chippewa also referred to as the Chrysler Park Wreck that sank in this area in August 1920. And I think were so disconnected from that maritime history that having an opportunity to look back and to remember all of the things and all of the lives that were lost to building this world, this community, this area that we love and cherish so much its an important thing to remember that people sacrificed themselves in order to make this life in these communities that we live in.. Download a free map of shipwrecks along the Discovery Trail for a self-guided tour! We mapped every major shipwreck at the Graveyard of the Pacific Haglund, Michael E. Worlds Most Dangerous: A History of the Columbia River Bar its Pilots and their Equipment. The morning mist along Clatsop Spit, for example, confused the captain of Peter Iredale, which found itself in the breakers in October 1906. Though, Chief Bennett says, the construction of the North Jetty a hundred years ago changed the seascape somewhat. Weve been able to, through technology, through better organization, through better mechanics, been able to mitigate it somewhat, but its still the same., I mean, the ocean has not changed at all, Chief Bennett said. Sunken Ships/Shipwrecks | The Canadian Encyclopedia Explore the history of the Columbia River from the days of dugout canoes, through the age of sail, to present. From November 1 - April 15 annually, Isle Royale and its surrounding islands are closed to all visitors. It was first published in 1950 by a Portland publisher and there were a few revised editions in the 1960s. Remaining half has since been scrapped. The passengers and much of the cargo were saved, but eleven members of the crew were drowned when the last lifeboat sank. Foundered off Neahkahnie, washed ashore and covered by sand. Hist. Oregon Shipwrecks. Research Lib., bc001490, photo file 2540. The SHIBA program part of the Office of the Insurance Commissioner is ready to help with your Medicare open enrollment decisions. Cloudy skies early, then partly cloudy in the afternoon. What makes this one of the deadliest stretches of water in the world is the Columbia Bar, an ever-shifting system of sandy banks and shoals where the river rushes into the ocean.The fresh waters of the Columbia flowing into the turbulent Pacific can mean chaos even when the course looks clear, as . In addition, its mouth provides the . ), Seattles beloved and long-lost steam locomotive is heading home, Interior Secretary meets with Indian boarding school survivors in Tulalip, Seattles coolest jazz club replaced decades ago by parking garage, Public records request reveals politicians choices for Record Store Day, Voulas recipe includes tasty food, loyal customers, and even Drake, Brock Huard and Friends Rally Around The Fight for First Campaign, Prepare for the next disaster at the Emergency Preparedness Conference. It's only been visible a few times since being completely buried under the sand, but it most recently emerged in Feb. 2017. The Oregon History Wayfinder is an interactive map that identifies significant places, people, and events in Oregon history. Courtesy Oregon Hist. Joined: Thu Jul 22, 2010 7:55 am. When the merchant ships would arrive with goods, Murrell would order the loot to be stolen. However, abandoned due to the ship being waterlogged. RM 2MENT3C - Map of shipwrecks around the world. The most dangerous and deadly years were the 19th century and early 20thcentury, and the most recent major losses arent that recent including the Rosecrans in 1913, with 33 lives lost; and the SS Iowa in 1936, where the entire crew of 34 was lost. Soc. The Mauna Ala stranded on Clatsop Beach, December 1941. Northwest Power & Conservation Council. Center your desired location under the cross hairs and click the launch streetview button. The raging sea took the lives of several passengers, crew, and lifesavers as rescue boats capsized in the rough surf. Great Republic was the largest passenger ship operating on the west coast at the time. Soc. Map To Illustrate Capt. Add to cart. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 4/4/2023), Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/26/2023). Only the steel hull remains of the 275-foot sailing ship, which ran aground in 1906. Hist. Ran aground at Bandon. Research Lib., Spokane, Portland, & Seattle Railway coll., 68158, photo file 267. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. Soc. YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. Gas lawn mower and leaf blower bans spreading across US. apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. The Seashore Inn on the Beach allows guests to conveniently experience all of the attractions and activities the Oregon Coast offers. Wreck Finder - Maps & GPS Location Coordinates - Shipwreck World Columbia River | Location, Length, History, & Facts | Britannica To give some sense of this level of danger, The Oregonian/OregonLive has mapped 238 of the most significant shipwrecks near the mouth of the Columbia River and along the Oregon and Washington coast, between 1725 and 2005, pulled from one of the definitive texts on the subject: Pacific Graveyard by James Gibbs. Shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast The captain steered toward the rocky shore as fire engulfed the ship, and the steamer went onto the rocks just north of Depoe Bay. Its nickname is the Graveyard of the Pacific. . Lost in a gale due to being overloaded. Since the early days of exploration, the treacherous mix of water and sand near the mouth of the Columbia River has claimed hundreds of ships and an untold number of lives. Point Adams Coast Guard station, Hammond, 1957. The American steamer Great Republic, the largest passenger ship on the Pacific Coast at the time, turned late and grounded near Sand Island at the mouth of the Columbia in April 1879. Narrative appendix lists all wrecks; pictorial map gives locations. The railroad ties that were its cargo were used for construction in Manzanita when they washed ashore. Here are just 8 of those shipwrecks, from rusted hulls to wooden ribs, scattered along the Oregon coastline. . Portland, Ore.: Binfords and Mort, , 1962. This item has been sold, but you can enter your email address to be notified if another example becomes available. Coastal Engineering Research Council of the COPRI (Coasts, Oceans, Ports, Rivers Institute) of the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Russian freighter Vazlav Vorovsky lost steering control and grounded on the north side of the Columbia River, approximately a half mile south of the Cape Disappointment lighthouse, on April 3, 1941. Columbia Bar - Wikipedia Flotsam from the Mauna Ala, December 1941. Medicare open enrollment is here and SHIBA can help. Day-use parking permit. COLUMBIA RIVER Ship Traffic Live Map | Marine Vessel Traffic Columbia River Maritime Museum - Home Courtesy Oregon Hist. If an order is received after that time, we will ship the next day. Wrecked on Tillamook Bar. So many vessels have met their fate here at the jaws of the mighty Columbia. Upon reaching shore, he found part of his boot missing, though he himself was not injured. Research Lib., bc001484, Courtesy Oregon Hist. The Columbia River has a long history of shipwrecks. Stranded on Nehalem Spit, refloated and scrapped. shipwreck name boards. Launched in 1931, the vessel served as the flagship for the commander of Scouting Force 1 for eight years, then as. The mouth of the Columbia and the near-shore areas to the north and south are littered with shipwrecks. The U.S. Navys minesweeper YMS-133 learned the lesson of treacherous swells where the river meets the sea. Ran aground during storm attempting to enter Coquille River. Maps Data Feature Info . McCarthy visits Israel to open 'new chapter' in relations, Tim Scott has a big announcement coming: 'Time to make the final step', College baseball player shot in chest by stray bullet during game, Students who wore 'Let's Go Brandon' shirts to school head to court, GM terminates hundreds of contract workers in bid to save $2B, 'Fatal Attraction' TV show inspires 'empathy' for bunny-boiling character, How Chance the Rapper orchestrated Blake Shelton's final battles steal, Woman charged with selling $11,000 of body parts to man via Facebook, PayPal, 2-year-old daughter of Bucs LB drowns in family pool, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Antique Maps / United States / Pacific Northwest / Oregon, Antique Maps / United States / Pacific Northwest / Washington. Bennett is Chief Bosuns Mate and Chief of Operations at Coast Guard Station Cape Disappointment on the Washington side of the river, and has spent hundreds of hours training for and taking part in motor lifeboat rescue operations over the decade or so hes been stationed there. In a tiny storefront club on First Avenue at the foot of Cherry Street 60 years ago, jazz history was made, and a local man was there to preserve some. Pacific Graveyard Shipwreck Chart - Barry Lawrence Ruderman - RareMaps The Oregon Shipwreck Chart 5 covers the area from Astoria, OR, east on the Columbia river, including Willamette River and its tributaries and has 408 shipwrecks shown. On the back of the poster board are many brown rectangles where tape has been applied and since removed. Columbia River - Shipwreck Log Is the Columbia Bar the Graveyard of the Pacific? - Marsh's Maritime Media The entrances changed a little bit [with the construction of jetties], but there are still ships out there on the bottom that were put on the bottom a hundred years ago.. COLUMBIA RIVER Traffic Density Map. COLUMBIA RIVER - Ship Marine Traffic Live Tracking AIS MAP Density Map. 13% Precip . Owned by a man named Gardiner, much of the vessel was salvaged and used in the building of the town of Gardiner, Oregon. Within a day's drive from New York City is a wreck junkie heaven, with numerous shipwrecks to explore along the St. Lawrence River on the US-Canadian border, in the area called the Thousand Islands. Live Tracking AIS maps of ships current position COLUMBIA RIVER is a maritime region of type rivers located geographically at the following coordinates: latitude: 45.654 and longitude: -121.022. The town of Cannon Beach was named after the wreck of the U.S.S. More information on the Bella can be found at The Pioneer Museum in Florence. We recommend starting your journey at the Columbia River Maritime Museum for an introduction to our local maritime history. Mar 17, 2021, 4:24 PM | Updated: Mar 18, 2021, 4:08 pm, A 1969 nautical chart showing the Columbia Bar, or shoals at the mouth of the river; the area has been known as the 'Pacific Graveyard' for the ships and lives lost there, mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. 2021 Oregon Live LLC. Lost in heavy fog, the ship got stuck in shallow water, turned around by breakers and finally ran ashore after trying to maneuver away at full speed. Media related to Shipwrecks in Oregon at Wikimedia Commons. . River encounter: Challenge of getting over 'the bar' is explained at Soc. Wreck of the Great Republic on Sand Island, Columbia River, 1879. . View on Google Maps . More than 330 are known to have occurred. Certificates of Authenticity are available upon request. The mouth of the Columbia is regarded as one of the most treacherous river bars in the world. The British bark Carinsmore became lost in the fog off Clatsop Spit in September 1883. Oregon Coast Shipwreck Chart 5 - Charts, Maps, & Graphics Rediscovering The Dead Fleet Of The Delaware River On May 18, 1910, for example, the captain and crew of the steamerJ. Marhoffer were enjoying a calm afternoon on the passage from San Francisco to Portland when a gas torch exploded, setting fire to the engine room. The Great Republic in lower Portland Harbor, 1878. 8. Sunken Ships/Shipwrecks. Superstructure began to fall apart, incapacitating the ship and crew. While sailing to San Francisco from the Columbia River, the Alaskan ran into bad weather and the river going vessel began to fall apart from the stress off Cape Foulweather. After running aground, oil cargo was burned out. $25.00 USD. Gibbs retired to the Oregon Coast and passed away in 2010 at the age of 88. Maps are shipped Monday through Friday year-round. Most shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast have occurred near the river; nearly 2,000 ships have met their demise here since 1792. The currents and tides held the ship on the beach, and the crew was rescued by breeches buoy, which uses a life ring with attached canvass breeches to allow survivors to slide down a rope between the ship and shore. Bloom County - Located in the heart of Puget Sound is Vashon Island where a successful lumberman by the name of Lars Hanson lived in the 1870's.On the banks of Judd Creek, near Burton, he was said to have hidden more than $200,00 in gold coins. Jetty at the mouth of the Columbia River. Published by at 14 Marta, 2021. and discover the perfect getaway with us today! The Columbia River - Fort Stevens, Oregon The ship was a total loss, and the remaining hull is a tourist attraction at Fort Stevens State Park. Shark, grounded on the southern bank of the Columbia River bar. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Thirteen of her complement of twenty-nine were lost. The Garibaldi Lifesaving Station dispatched rescue boats, while some of the crew and passengers took to the ships boats. In the specific area of the Columbia Bar, that shoal is a result of tons of material coming down the river from the millions of acres of land the river drains in Washington, Oregon, and far up into British Columbia. Authorities were alerted and dispatched a response team to the scene. Tremendous seas broke the ship into pieces, and some of its carronades drifted south along the coast. Thousands of ships have wrecked off the Oregon coast over the last three centures so many at the mouth of the Columbia River, in fact, that the area is known as the "graveyard of the Pacific" but few are left on the beaches today. Columbia River Maritime Museum 1792 Marine Drive, Astoria OR 97103 503-325-2323 or . The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Advance Local. At the Columbia, the combination of river flow and offshore currents created an ever-shifting sand bar at the mouth, which in itself represented a hazardous crossing. Browse our Seaside beachfront hotel rooms and discover the perfect getaway with us today! In thick weather in February 13, 1913, the ship ran hard onto the Nehalem Spit. The poster is glued to a poster board for stability. Towed by the, Filled with rocks and sank as extension of the south. Refloated. In 1879 there were 900 passengers aboard when the ship ran aground on Sand Island. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Advance Local. Visitors can hike to the Cape Disappointment Lighthouse, overlooking the Columbia River Bar. The six survivors had to walk across half the continent to Louisiana to arrange transportation back to England. So I hope people go out to places like Cape Disappointment, places like Fort Stevens, up and down the Oregon and Washington Coast and get a sense of that for themselves, Hale said. Somewhere around 150-200ft is my guess. One of the most dangerous parts of the Graveyard of the Pacific is the Columbia Bar - a giant sandbar. Soc. The wrecks in these maps. The entrance to the Columbia River is a notorious spot that claimed many a ship and quite a few lives, particularly in the 19th and early 20thcenturies. John August 2, 2015. Now you can, with 17 rentable lookout towers around Oregon. Soc. By the way: the area around the Columbia River is known as the "Graveyard of the Pacific" due to how many ships crashed in the hard-to-navigate waters. Wrecked on the north spit at the entrance to Nestucca harbor. Inslee announces he won't seek 4th term, Happy 40th birthday to the Tacoma Dome (or is it DomaTacoma? Other particularly nasty landmarks are Cape Flattery, reefs and rocks along the west coast of Vancouver Island, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The book is called Pacific Graveyard,by Jim Gibbs. Shark. Two additional carronades from the U.S.S. Information includes latitude and longitude of each feature along with brief historic and descriptive details. The Columbia River Basin covers 258,000 square miles and includes parts of seven states and one Canadian province. Follow the link to the Shipwrecks entryon our Columbia River History page, and have a look. 5 of the Best Northern Oregon Coast Hikes, Visit the Coffee Shops & Bakeries in Seaside, Oregon, Seaside Oregon Events to Plan Your Vacation Around, Local History: 5 Shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast. More than 70 years after the book was first published and about a decade after publisher Binford & Mort went out of business Pacific Graveyard inspired a team at Portland newspaper The Oregonian to create and publish an online digital shipwreck map. The large interactive map in the Museum's lobby provides information about the many historic shipwrecks in the area. The wreck is partially visible each winter due to seasonal sand movement; more than usual emerged April 2010. You can hear Feliks every Wednesday and Friday morning on Seattles Morning News, read more from himhere, and subscribe to The Resident Historian Podcast here. Privacy Policy. Search for Shipwrecks. Astoria, Oregon Timbers from the wreck of a 17th-century Spanish galleon have been discovered on Oregon's northern coast, state officials confirmed . Hornby Island Bald Eagle Nest Camera. It once produced the largest salmon runs on earth, with . It was eventually determined to be the remains of the George L. Olson, a steam schooner built in 1917 that wrecked in 1944. . Gibbs, James A. Shipwrecks of the Pacific Coast, Second Edition. While under tow to the Columbia River by the. An exceptional pictorial map / view of the Canadian Rocky Mountains and British Columbia, published by the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1921. The legend of Captain Jack Murrell includes tales of laying in wait with his band of pirates in the creeks around Murrells Inlet. We recommend starting your journey at the Columbia River Maritime Museum for an introduction to our local maritime history. Struck a rock at what is now known as either Boiler Rapid or Boiler Riffle. (West Coast of North America) Carte de la Partie de la Cote Nord-Ouest de l'Amerique Reconnue pendant les Etes de 1792, 1793 et 1794 Captain George Vancouver. Base map. Heavy fog prevented the pilot from seeing its red cautionary light. PDF Shipwrecks along the Discovery Trail - Columbia Pacific Heritage Museum Oriented with East at the top, the map locates 234 shipwrecks, showing ships that have stranded, foundered, burned or met other disaster in the Pacific Graveyard at the mouth of the Columbia River. Courtesy Oregon Hist. A map on the wall is marked with shipwrecks in the mouth of the Columbia River - since 1792, more than 200 ships and countless lives have been lost in and around the bar. The Columbia Bar is a system of bars and shoals at the mouth of the Columbia River spanning the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. Keeper waves from the walkway.. Columbia Bar is one of the most dangerous bar crossings in the world. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. This photo, taken shortly after the incident, shows the size of the ship in comparison to a horse and buggy. Interactives by Mark Graves and Dave Cansler. The steamer Argo was on the final leg of its voyage from Portland to Garibaldi on November 26, 1909. Resource Adequacy and System Analysis Committee Meeting, Strategy Performance Indicator Workgroup Meeting, Resource Adequacy Adv Comm - Tech Committee, GENESYS Technical Conference (SAAC/RAAC Combined), Resource Adequacy Technical/Steering Comm Meetings, Conservation Resources/Demand Response Adv Comm Combined Meeting, Resource Adequacy Adv Comm - Technical Committee, Regional Coordination Forum (RCF) Meeting, 2014/2020 Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, Independent Economic Analysis Board (IEAB), Independent Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB), Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP), Ocean and Plume Science and Management Forum, Columbia Basin Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Workgroup, Generation Evaluation System Model (GENESYS), Conservation Resources Advisory Committee. Found ran aground the next day. Visitors to Horsfall Beach in North Bend may be able to see the iron skeleton of the Sujameco, a 324-foot steamship that ran aground in 1929. Oyster pirate vessel. Peter Iredale shipwreck, Pacific Ocean, Fort Stevens State Park . Simply mention your desire to receive one in the Notes section at checkout. Plantation Drive, Plantation Dr, South Carolina 29911, USA. The interactive maps below are based on the book Pacific Graveyard, by James Gibbs, published by Binfords & Mort. Courtesy Oregon Hist. St. Lawrence River - Maps Location - Shipwreck World (Crater Lake) Topography | Oregon (Klamath County) Crater Lake National Park. Hatchery Map; Energy The Council develops a plan, updated every five years, to ensure the region's power supply and acquire cost-effective energy efficiency . 13% Precip. Portland, Ore.: Binfords and Mort, 1984. There were no lives lost.Oregonian File Photo. Soc. Resource Adequacy and System Analysis Committee Meeting, Strategy Performance Indicator Workgroup Meeting, Resource Adequacy Adv Comm - Tech Committee, GENESYS Technical Conference (SAAC/RAAC Combined), Resource Adequacy Technical/Steering Comm Meetings, Conservation Resources/Demand Response Adv Comm Combined Meeting, Resource Adequacy Adv Comm - Technical Committee, Regional Coordination Forum (RCF) Meeting, 2014/2020 Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, Independent Economic Analysis Board (IEAB), Independent Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB), Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP), Ocean and Plume Science and Management Forum, Columbia Basin Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Workgroup, Generation Evaluation System Model (GENESYS), Conservation Resources Advisory Committee. Uncovered by a bulldozer in 1949. Canadian Rockies Showing Main Line of Canadian Pacific Ry. Drawing by M. Osbourne. The online map shows the locations of those hundreds of wrecks listed in Gibbs' book - though there have been thousands of wrecks there, by some estimates - and a click on each point reveals. In thick weather in February 13, 1913, the ship ran hard onto the Nehalem Spit. When the ship attempted to cross the Coos Bay bar in February 1943, the captain tried to come about in the channel when the minesweeper was rolled over on her beam and smashed into the sandbar. 3rd from Top: Lee Walters (left) of Walla Walla, Wash., gestures to a display of Columbia River shipwrecks for her husband, Tom Walters, at the Maritime Museum in Astoria, Ore. Cut Outs | Vectors | Black & white. The Nova had broken from its mooring by high winds and drifted nearly a mile before it sank just upriver of the McNary Dam. User Agreement and The "graveyard" itself spans . The YO-257 Finding the Ship That Flew - Washington Our Home The Council's Technical and Web Data Specialist Eric Schrepel compiled a list from several sources and then created an interactive map with descriptions of each vessel and the date of the wreck. "Legendary Spanish galleon shipwreck discovered on Oregon coast", "Wreck of the Lila and Mattie at Tillamook", "The Struan: From Saint John to Sandlake. Research Lib., 68159, photo file 267, Courtesy Oregon Hist. Research Lib., photo file 267. Jetties decreased the number of ships wrecked while crossing the bar, but with rough weather and rocky coastline Oregon remains a dangerous place for ships. No lives were lost thanks to quick efforts by the Coast Guard. Then utilize this interactive map of shipwrecks on the Oregon Coast to help plan your route! At the mouth of the Columbia River sits the particularly dangerous Columbia Bar. Shipwrecks at the Mouth of the Columbia River | USA Today When you go out there at the mouth of the Columbia and you see it at that time of year, you can get an idea of how hard it was for ships to get through there and why so many wrecked, Hale said. The 80 passengers and 30 crew members were all saved. Oregon Coast Shipwreck Chart 5. The Oregon Coast is characterized by its rugged seaside cliffs, sandy beaches, unique rock formations, and fascinating history. Courtesy Oreg. Shipwrecks - Google My Maps A map of shipwrecks featured on Shipwreckology A map of shipwrecks featured on Shipwreckology Sign in Open full screen to view more This map was created by. The Councils Technical and Web Data Specialist Eric Schrepel compiled a list from several sources and then created an interactive map with descriptions of each vessel and the date of the wreck. In 2016, the Maritime Archaeology Society documented the remains. She was also the United States Navy's . Research Lib., neg. Man's age-old struggle with the sea comes historically alive in these true stories of shipwrecks off the Oregon and Washington coasts -- all near the mouth of the Columbia River. Remains are occasionally seen after storms. Despite many attempts to refloat the ship, it was broken up by heavy seas and abandoned. For more information about the program, please call the Cannon Beach History Center and Museum at 503-436-9301. Theres something, I think, about the tragedy of it. Discover the stories of the legendary Columbia River Bar, one of the most dangerous passages in the world, at the nationally renowned Columbia River Maritime Museum. Need a good reason? The U.S. Navy and the U. S. Coast Survey documented the treacherous shores and bars of the coast on nautical charts, and the U.S. Lighthouse Service and the U.S. Coast Guard developed lighthouses and buoy systems that mark rocky coasts and shoalwater. (NOAA Archives). The deadly Northwest passageway ships have (somehow) crossed for - opb The shipwreck is 65 feet in length and is in the middle of the shipping channel. The captain of the German square-rigger Mimi mistook the entrance to the Nehalem River for the Columbia Bar. The remains of the bark were visible for many years. 2023 Barry Lawrence Ruderman, Antique Maps Inc. All rights reserved. The spatial resolution of the tiles "telescopes" from the coastal zone to the deep ocean floor at 1/9, 1/3, and 3 arc-second grid resolution.

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