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B) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. b. a few kilometers in size, and very low in density. How many carbon atoms are contained in a 0.400 mole of sucrose ( C12_{12}12H22_{22}22O11_{11}11)? The nebular hypothesis has thus become the prevailing theory of the origin of the solar system. B) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid. The Solar Nebular Hypothesis The solar nebular hypothesis describes the formation of our solar system from a nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and gas. All four jovian planets are thought to have cores larger than Earth, All jovian planets have rings around their equators and at least eight moons, Pluto is more similar to the jovian planet's icy moons than to any of the planets, Due to their great masses, all four jovian worlds are much denser than the Earth, A Kuiper Belt object was discovered that may be larger than Pluto, Barringer Crater in Arizona is an example of a meteorite impact, Most astronomers now believe the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago was caused by a As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. C) A comet's tail never points perpendicular to its motion. C) caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an old short-period comet. [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. Ch. a chunk of space debris that has struck the ground. If they form near the end of the oligarchic stage, as is thought to have happened in the Solar System, they will influence the merges of planetary embryos, making them more violent. a few kilo in size and very low in density. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Clumps of interstellar matter left behind in the midplane of the solar disk as it contracted toward its centre gradually coalesced, through a process of, the solar nebula model of Kant and Laplace appears basically correct. Some moons have orbits that are backward (compared to their planet's rotation) or highly inclined to their planet's equator. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets? D) everything past Mars and the asteroid belt What is the major problem in identifying genes encoding Non translated RNA? In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid (i.e. C) NEAR. From this collapse, pockets of dust and gas began to collect into denser regions. The catastrophic hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that our solar system formed thanks to a sudden and improbable event such as the collision of two stars. Why is the solar nebula theory considered a theory rather than a hypothesis? Support comes from observations at infrared and radio wavelengths, which have revealed disks of matter around young stars. Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit resulting in a warm- or hot-Jupiter. A) the terrestrials are more like the Sun, since they formed close to it. B) toward Earth and never varies. Due to compression, the center of the nebula heats up and begins to glow. B) lie almost entirely beyond the orbit of Neptune. b. where the comet came from [28][31][68] Some combination of the above-mentioned ideas may explain the formation of the cores of gas giant planets such as Jupiter and perhaps even Saturn. In essence, this theory states that the Sun, the planets, and all other. Solar System Planets & Age | How Old Is the Solar System? Episode 12: Where do Baby Stars Come From. If a massive companion planet or star on an inclined orbit was present an exchange of inclination for eccentricity via the Kozai mechanism raising eccentricities and lowering perihelion followed by circularization can also result in a close orbit. Compute the rotational speed of the output shaft. b. cout << "x != z: " << (x != z) << endl; c. the direction the comet is traveling E) Trojan asteroids, Which of the following have an icy composition? 325 lessons. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. September 25, 2019. e. both A and C are correct, Relative to the comet, the direction of the ion tail tells us: E) a few hundred kilometers across, and bright, shiny white from its ices. In composition, the ________ planets have rocky materials like the asteroids. Streaks of light made when small debris hits our atmosphere are called ________. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. C) The asteroids all have about the same density. The remaining gas and dust begin to cluster in small areas around the star forming the planetesimals (small rocks) which in turn cluster to form the proto-planets (primitive planets). The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. (ASs well as the direct collapse scenario.) a. true Meteoric material dates the formation of the solar system at about ________ billion years. D) most exoplanets are smaller than Pluto. E) None of the above are true, A meteor is A similar model, but with the planets being formed before the Sun, was proposed by the French astronomer and mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796. Meteor showers are: This stage is thought to last a few hundred thousand years. This method has been useful in star identification, but not in planetary discovery. Iron meteorites are believed to come from A) between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus a ________. Which statement about asteroids is not true? So, what this theory is saying is as follows: Originally, there was a rotating cloud of gas that condensed and flattened out like a pancake. bodies found beyond Neptune. The solar nebular theory has been supported by observation of dusty disks around the Our solar system was created from a dust and gas . The protoplanetary disk is sometimes referred to as an accretion disk, because while the young T Tauri-like protostar is still contracting, gaseous material may still be falling onto it, accreting on its surface from the disk's inner edge. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful. Any successful model for the formation of the solar system must explain why the orbits of the Each year, or orbit around the sun, the Earth passes through that same debris trail, leading to an annual meteor shower. The theory was proposed by French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace . Many meteorites appear to have formed very early in the solar system's history. C) the asteroid Ceres. [74] The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. As the denser regions pulled in more and more matter, conservation of momentum caused it to begin rotating, while increasing pressure caused it to heat up. e. where the ecliptic is. [2] One hypothesis is that they initially accreted in the Jupiter-Saturn region, then were scattered and migrated to their present location. [20] During this stage embryos expel remaining planetesimals, and collide with each other. B) the jovian planets are made only of ice, and the terrestrials only of rock. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. The curved, yellow ________ tail lags behind the blue tail as the comet rounds the Sun. B) ground based radar images. The study of star forming molecular clouds shows that same early, large stars form that way. D) In differentiated bodies, the denser materials lie near their surfaces. Gravitational scattering by other planets onto eccentric orbits with a perihelion near the star followed by the circularization of its orbit due to tidal interactions with the star can leave a planet on a close orbit. The Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets 1. The temperature, reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved. planets have low eccentricities. According to the nebular theory, a solar system begins when an interstellar cloud, containing approximately 75 percent hydrogen, 25 percent helium and traces of other elements, begins to form. The process by which small debris condenses into planetesimals is ________. e. size divided by weight. The NEAR spacecraft actually landed on the asteroid ________ in February 2001. A) all spin slower than the Earth. succeed. According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, which law best explains why the central regions of the solar nebula got hotter as the nebula shrank in size? [19] It starts with planetesimals that undergo runaway growth, followed by the slower oligarchic stage. As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. Learn more about the solar nebula. what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? About 2% of our solar nebula consisted of elements besides hydrogen and helium. the ________. [64] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. What is true about solar system densities? However, it has only been within the past few centuries, with the Scientific Revolution, that the predominant theories have been empirical in nature. It was also rejected by astronomer Sir David Brewster (1781 1868), who stated that: those who believe in the Nebular Theory consider it as certain that our Earth derived its solid matter and its atmosphere from a ring thrown from the Solar atmosphere, which afterwards contracted into a solid terraqueous sphere, from which the Moon was thrown off by the same process [Under such a view] the Moon must necessarily have carried off water and air from the watery and aerial parts of the Earth and must have an atmosphere.. There are the intrinsic gradualists and the extrinsic catastrophists. d. cout << "! Suppose that x, y, z, and w are int variables, and x = 3, y = 4, z = 7, and w = 1.What is the output of the following statements? B) noting the drop in the star's light as the planet transits its disk. b. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid A) comets [33][71] In this model ice giantsUranus and Neptuneare failed cores that began gas accretion too late, when almost all gas had already disappeared. Nice overview, and I learned a lot. The disturbance could be, for example, the shock wave from a nearby supernova. III. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . [61] As a result, the number of terrestrial planets will decrease and they will be more massive. In this context, accretion refers to the process of cooled, solidified grains of dust and ice orbiting the protostar in the protoplanetary disk, colliding and sticking together and gradually growing, up to and including the high-energy collisions between sizable planetesimals. By the early 20th century, the Laplacian model had fallen out of favor, prompting scientists to seek out new theories. The most detailed look we've had of an asteroid comes from The nucleus of a comet is typically: According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg in 1734 proposed that the planets formed out of a nebular crust that had surrounded the Sun and then broken apart. concentrating denser materials nearer the Sun. D) between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter However, the minimum mass nebula capable of terrestrial planet formation can only form 12MEarth cores at the distance of Jupiter (5AU) within 10million years. [81], Solar nebular model: achievements and problems, Formation of stars and protoplanetary disks, Compare it with the particle number density of the air at the sea level, The T Tauri stars are young stars with mass less than about 2.5. This causes increased gravitational attraction which in turn causes more matter to come together and vice versa. According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? | Nebula Types & Differences, Oceanic Ridge System: Formation & Distribution. This explosion made waves in space which squeezed the cloud of gas & dust. The planet will probably have a radius of around five to 10 times greater than Earth's. III. It shows an actual disk of material orbiting another star, providing strong evidence the planets really do form in such disks. B) beyond the orbit of Neptune [79], Use of the term "accretion disk" for the protoplanetary disk leads to confusion over the planetary accretion process. c. the Earth B) an irregularly shaped body, mostly found orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. D) where the ecliptic is. c. N2O\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{O}N2O The nucleus of a comet is typically E) the asteroid Gaspra. In the 20th century, two competing hypotheses were proposed for the extinction of the dinosaurs and the formation of the solar system. [72], The region of a planetary system adjacent to the giant planets will be influenced in a different way. E) sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter. b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun B) most asteroids B) they contain pristine material from the solar nebula. Both types of planet begun with planetesimals growing through the process of accretion, but only the jovian planets were able to capture hydrogen and helium gas from the solar nebula. E) a large meteorite impact. C) among the orbits of the terrestrial planets In the area closer to the sun, where temperatures were higher, condensation of matter occurred which led to the formation of telluric planets, terrestrial or interior. C) the direction of the Sun. e. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, d. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune only, All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. The main issue was angular momentum distribution between the Sun and planets, which the nebular model could not explain. A rocky body between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter is a(n) ________. Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the center of the protostar became great enough for it to begin thermonuclear fusion. A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you The astronomy course I attended looked at the core collapse model of large planets. Objects in the Kuiper belt E) the polar cap of Mars. In which of the four regions shown in the diagram did it form? The idea that the Solar System originated from a nebula was first proposed in 1734 by Swedish scientist and theologian Emanual Swedenborg. The evolutionary hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that gradual and natural changes caused the formation of our solar system. He proposed instead the catastrophic or tidal theory, first suggested by the American geologist Thomas C. Chamberlin. (z > w) << endl; 98% hydrogen and helium, 2% everything else. a. NCl3\mathrm{NCl}_3NCl3 B) the great nebula found just below the belt stars of Orion. While originally applied only to the Solar System, the SNDM was subsequently thought by theorists to be at work throughout the Universe, and has been used to explain the formation of many of the exoplanets that have been discovered throughout our galaxy. (z > w): " << ! The generally accepted model for the formation of the solar system is called the nebular hypothesis. In terms of composition How do scientists determine how long ago Earth first formed? B) Ceres. However, there are some salient points that I think I have picked up earlier: something happened that caused the cloud to collapse. the core of a differntiated asteroid, now broken up. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud.. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. [d][61][65] If all embryos are removed, then no planets will form in this region. How far is a spring extended if it has 1.0J1.0 \mathrm{~J}1.0J of potential energy and its spring constant is 1,000N/m1,000 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}1,000N/m? Convection Zone of the Sun Overview & Process | How Hot is the Center of the Sun? "Birth of the planets: The Earth and its fellow planets may be survivors from a time when planets ricocheted around the Sun like ball bearings on a pinball table", "Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog", "SPHERE Reveals Fascinating Zoo of Discs Around Young Stars", "Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems", "The evolution of viscous discs and the origin of the nebular variables", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "What Puts The Brakes On Madly Spinning Stars? D) away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion. C) imaging them with the HST in the infrared, where they are easier to stop. solar nebula, gaseous cloud from which, in the so-called nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, the Sun and planets formed by condensation. C) lie beyond the orbit of Neptune, and close to the ecliptic. (Venus may be an exception, since some claim it is becoming tidally locked to the Sun Mercury is instead locked in a 3:2 resonance and it is in fact now retrograde with a putative near axis lock.) [73] The orbits of many of these planets and systems of planets differ significantly from the planets in the Solar System. Why? D) faster due to conservation of angular momentum. B) Comet Halley. As our solar system formed, the nebular cloud of dispersed particles developed distinct temperature zones. All planets lie in orbits close to the ________ plane. The catastrophic hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that our solar system formed thanks to a sudden and improbable event such as the collision of two stars. The presence of giants tends to increase eccentricities and inclinations (see Kozai mechanism) of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region (inside 4AU in the Solar System). In the case of the Sun the resulting mass was not enough to lead to a closed star cluster as we can see circling the Milky Way, but an open star cluster where the stars would mix with other stars over the ~ 20 orbits we have done around the MW. D) beyond Neptune, with orbits similar to Pluto's. D) go no farther out than Pluto, then return to the sun again. A) are the sources of long-period comets. The solar nebula is a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that condensed to form the entire solar system, including the sun and planets. E) Kuiper Belt bodies. Star Classification Types & Luminosity Class | How are Stars Classified? That blows a 1st geeration of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells that are seeded with supernova elements, as we see Earth started out with. Alas, it seems that it questions that have to do with origins that are the toughest to answer. Meteor showers are caused by an interaction between a planet and debris from a comet trail. A) will revolve opposite the star's rotation. The hot-Jupiters and warm-Jupiters are thought to have migrated to their current orbits during or following their formation. D) are all much more dense than any of the terrestrial planets. These observations also suggest that planets form in a remarkably short time. Some Properties of the solar nebula : - counterclockwise rotation while condensing - the condensing nebula flattened out around the ecliptic ( the plane of the sun's equator) - the nebulas are formed as concentric rings (circle) Similar properties in planets : - all planets orbit the sun in counterclockwise direction ", "Formation of gas giant planets: core accretion models with fragmentation and planetary envelope", "Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses", "The onset of collapse in turbulently supported molecular clouds", "The formation of protostellar disks. e) should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator. It is believed that the. IV. The planet will probably have a composition that is mostly hydrogen and helium. Abe Mizrahi, Edward E. Prather, Gina Brissenden, Jeff P. Adams, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider, Foundations of Astronomy plus The Night Sky Planisphere - Latitude 30- 40. The extrasolar planets are found mainly by observing the ________ shifts of their stars. A) slower due to conservation of angular momentum. [72] In addition, the size of the system will shrink, because terrestrial planets will form closer to the central star. What came out of the evolutionary hypothesis was the solar nebula theory, the theory that posits that the planets and sun in the solar system formed from the solar nebula. a. weight divided by the planet's radius According to the nebular theory, how did the solar system form? A) detecting the oxygen in their atmospheres spectroscopically. So, as the sun formed, the planets formed from these ingredients. It would have collapsed gravitationally (the particles of the Nebula began to gather and compress). E) should be randomly oriented to their star's equator. The resonant orbits of some of the exoplanet systems indicates that some migration occurred in these systems, while the spacing of the orbits in many of the other systems not in resonance indicates that an instability likely occurred in those systems after the dissipation of the gas disk. Omissions? As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 [68] The accretion of gas stops when the supply from the disk is exhausted. Create your account. Then the accumulation of matter continues, which will lead to the onset of nuclear reactions that allow the newly formed star to resist gravitational pressure. Describe the function(s) of the placenta. B) The denser planets lie closer to the Sun. For more information, be sure to check out the origin of the Solar System and how the Sun and planets formed. According to modern science, which of the following best explains why the vast majority of the mass of our solar system consists of hydrogen and helium gas? The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. solar nebula, gaseous cloud from which, in the so-called nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, the Sun and planets formed by condensation. The Pacific Ocean appears to be a large crater, probably the one made by the giant impact. lower due to presence of a lot of ________. Protostar Formation & Facts | What is a Protostar? According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets: a. should be a common result of star fomration, b. spins faster due to conservation of angular momentum. A) weight divided by the planet's radius. The core grew large rapidly and triggered gas collapse onto the planet from the disk, a large factor being the stickiness of ices at the grain stage. Just when we think we have a satisfactory explanation, there remain those troublesome issues it just cant account for. Elliptical, Irregular & Spiral Galaxies | Types, Comparison & Shapes, Bioremediation: Microbes Cleaning Up the Environment. This theory best accounts for the objects we currently find in the Solar System and the distribution of these objects.The Nebular Theory would have started with a cloud of gas and dust . Corrections? C) most stars are too bright for us to detect a planetary transit. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is Possible Mercury bit at least Earth and Mars (and Moon) show late great impacts. Due to their great masses, all four jovian worlds are much denser than the Earth. A) Gaspra. a. cout << "x == y: " << (x == y) << endl; All the terrestrial planets lie inside the asteroid belt. The four inner planets, those closest to the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. According to our present theory of solar system formation, how did Earth end up with enough water to make oceans? All the planets orbit the Sun in exactly the same plane as the Earth. Objections to the collision theory more convincing than those against the nebular hypothesis were raised, however, especially as the latter was modified in the 1940s. ________ is the only planet with a mean density less than water. D) a spherical cloud of cometary nuclei far beyond the Kuiper Belt. B) closer on average to the Sun than is the Earth. See Answer. By Robert Hazen, Ph.D. , George Mason University. f. P2O5\mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5P2O5. Suppose you discover an object that is made of metal, rock, and ice. [61] Rocky planets, which have managed to coalesce, settle eventually into more or less stable orbits, explaining why planetary systems are generally packed to the limit; or, in other words, why they always appear to be at the brink of instability. C) mass times weight. a. the Oort cloud. Describe the processes that took place according to the solar nebula theory and specifically how it came to be that we have a star and planets rotating around that star and the orbital motion of. Various simulations have also demonstrated that the accretion of material in these discs leads to the formation of a few Earth-sized bodies. e. a few meters in diameter. The terrestrial planets grow by slower accretion, and the material may have started to be cleared from the disk. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been true about these first-generation star systems? C. The jovian planets began from . The terrestrial planets are made almost entirely of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. It takes all the different kinds of information and merges them into one hypothesis that seems to match all the observations. what is now called Laplaces nebular hypothesis, a theory of the origin of the solar system. d. located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. [69] Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The cells in connective tissue that forms new fibers are the _______. C) toward the Sun and disappears at perihelion. A) large jovians orbiting solar-type stars about where our jovians are found. b. mass times weight If the mergers happen too early runaway gas accretion may occur leading to the formation of a gas giant. The nebula theoryis the most generally accepted evolutionary model for formation of the solar systemfrom a cloud of gas and dust particles known as a nebula. In the most elaborate model which makes Earth isotope measurements easiest to predict, by free coupling the processes, the 1st generation of super massive stars would go supernova in 1-10 million years. [33] In this model giant planet formation is divided into two stages: a) accretion of a core of approximately 10MEarth and b) accretion of gas from the protoplanetary disk. Both terrestrial and Jovian planets make up our solar system. In the solar nebular theory, the dusty disk condensing around the Sun's equator became the For several decades most astronomers preferred the so-called collision theory, in which the planets were considered to have been formed as a result of a close approach to the Sun by some other star.
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