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Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. . Ogden , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park Animals provided by CROs are often used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicology testing and for some preclinical research. <> Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. As a replacement, NEAVS helped develop an alternative program involving spay/neuter surgeries for homeless cats. (2008). An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. Besides the obvious ethical and welfare concerns, this also casts doubt on the validity of any results obtained using such animals. S [8], The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health. L C Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. In this article Ronald Veasey and the late Andrew Lackner emphasize studies in NHPs that underlay all of these advances: understanding the basic features of pathogenesis of HIV-like viruses (SIVs) using monkeys such as rhesus macaques. Similar regulations and mechanisms exist in Europe (for reviews, see Bayne and Morris 2012; Olsson et al. x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 Neavs Company Profile | Management and Employees List Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. JCI WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign). [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. Rubio Email - eNEWS: NEAVS makes Lush Prize short list and [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. Please visit Sign Petitions and Send Letters to End Chimpanzee Research to show your support. This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. These common disorders of the female reproductive system include polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, placental dysfunction, and preterm labor, among others. % Projects Research Over the past several years, a modest number of publications have provided high-quality reviews of the use of NHPs for translational research, including papers by Capitanio and Emborg (2008), Belmonte et al. Specifically, I thank the NPRC Directors, Drs. Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. 2 0 obj , Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere G, Comuzzie A, VandeBerg J. Cyranoski These include models for Huntingtons Disease (Chan 2013), diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations (Takibana et al. Neavs headquarters are located in 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Neavss main industries are: Membership Organizations, Organizations, Business Services, Neavs appears in search results as Project R&R, Chimps Inc, Project R & R. The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. . [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). However, this concept has gained little traction with funding agencies. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 20,000 Fairly complete draft-level genomic sequences have been published for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, vervets, and marmosets. 2016). WebBiomedical Research. 2016 ANNUAL REPORT <>>> Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. Herson, D.W.M. [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". Biomedical Research JD 3 0 obj neavs Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). We are affiliated with theDepartment of Bioengineering,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, and theHemophilia and Thrombosis Center. DG WebAbout NNEVS. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. Neavs - Overview, News & Competitors | ZoomInfo.com THE BIOETHICS OF GREAT APE WELL-BEING 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. This type of multi-center approach is often used for clinical studies by the medical community (Llovera and Liesz 2016 and references therein) and by the human genomics community for large-scale investigations of large human disease cohorts, using genome-wide association studies (Manolio 2013, 2017). 4 0 obj Neeves, D.W.M. Neometrics Toolbar Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). Recent examples include the influence of the animal rights organizations on the NIH decision to prohibit research using chimpanzees (Reardon 2015, see also commentary in this issue by Veazey and Lackner 2017 and Lanford et al. , Locke P. Veazey These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. , Sparman M, Sritanaudomchai H, Ma H, Clepper L, Woodward J, Li Y, Ramsey C, Kolotushkina O, Mitalipov S. Tardif Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). It will be important for the NHP research community to have a discussion with NIH to fully understand expectations for NHP-based grant proposals. K The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered. Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. M [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. For-profit centers (Contract Research Organizations (CROs)) also are a major source of animals for preclinical research. Capitanio Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. 2009), autism (Liu et al. Begley WebThe National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501 (c) (6), located in Washington, DC. WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. These include: the expense of isolating oocytes or embryos from NHPs and the small numbers of these biological materials that can be obtained from any given female; the long generation time of NHPs relative to rodents (months or years rather than weeks); expense associated with maintaining colonies of genetically modified animals; and the relatively small numbers of laboratories that have command of all the technologies necessary for successful generation and propagation of mutant animals. John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. Some basic discoveries may be obtained from studies using rodents (reviewed by Zubari and Lutz 2016) and other models, such as zebrafish (Danio rario), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) (reviewed by Strange (2017)). Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Environmental enrichment is required by the Animal Welfare Act and is essential for maintaining the welfare of NHPs, reducing stress, and maintaining optimal health in these animals. Foreman In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. There are currently some efforts within the NPRC consortium to identify cohorts of animals with specific phenotypes across centers. Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. M Supplies of marmosets can be increased rapidly relative to macaques, because of the relatively short generation time of marmosets and the fact that pregnancies usually result in twins rather than singletons. 2016), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Chen et al. 2016), using small numbers of females. Neeves. Trewyn, P.S. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. The rigor with which experimental animals are described in publications also influences the reproducibility of animal-based translational studies. The animal rights organizations are more successful at molding public opinion than are the research organizations that use animals. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. Failure of Phase II and III clinical trials can reflect lack of efficacy, safety concerns, or both (Arrowsmith and Miller 2013). Invasive research on chimpanzees is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand. , Comuzzie AG, Havill LM, Karere GM, Spradling KD, Mahaney MC, Nathanielsz PW, Nicolella DP, Shade RE, Voruganti S, VandeBerg JL. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models.
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