south african poems about apartheidchemical that dissolves human feces in pit toilet
Matanzima and the others have been learning from these intellectual giants. Retrieved from https://paperap.com/theme-of-racism-in-two-poems-comparison/. These top poems in list format are the best examples of apartheid poems written by PoetrySoup This final poem blames Matanzima directly for the desperate state of the Xhosa nation. I have often thought that I ought to write more betrokke posie, engaged poetry, or poetry of commitment that has social commentary at its core. Consequently, the celebrated Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (19962000) provided a non-retributive public forum in which narratives of life under the regime could be heard. In Afrikaans the word. For we are bottled up and we cannot hold open discussions. Mongane Wally Serote, Mandla Langa and Njabulo Ndebele were among the first literary critics to praise Brutus poems. Sometimes these are filmed, as in Pied Pipers Voyage (2014), Kganyes earnest re-enactment of her grandfathers migration from country to city in search of work a quintessentially South African story. By 1950, the government had banned marriages between whites and people of other races, and prohibited sexual relations between Black and white South Africans. Yini na ntamb ende ethi isongwa ibisombuluka. Some of my poems, especially in. What have these White officials done foryou? It can dip in and out of the past, dawdle through the present, perhaps even stick its nose into the future. All the same, men, be prepared to die for your rights. What fascinates me is the sound of his poetryyou can hear it in your head, every vowel and consonantits almost like a whimsical phonetics lesson. Brutus fled to eSwatini (Swaziland), then a British colony, in 1963. On one hand, I do not think that Afrikaans youthfulness affects how one writes poetry in it; there are still certain poetry basicsrhyme, rhythm, metaphorsand those can be experimented with in any language. WebDennis Brutus, in full Dennis Vincent Brutus, (born November 28, 1924, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia [now Harare, Zimbabwe]died December 26, 2009, Cape Town, South Africa), poet whose works centre on his sufferings and those of his fellow blacks in South Africa. Grobbelaars death is an obvious sign of political degeneracy. Apartheid, the legal and cultural segregation of the non-white citizens of South Africa, ended in 1994 thanks to activist Nelson Mandela and F.W. The PIDE secret police in Portuguese colonial Mozambique handed him over to the South African polices Special Branch that targeted political activists. He has destroyed the reputation of the Thembu nation. Bebeyephi abantu abasesangweni lenkululeko yenu? Nditsho kuwe meephe endiphantse ndawuginya, They are not words that would function anywhere else, but, I first encountered Afrikaans as a teenager; it was during the 1970s when much emphasis was put on. The protests and government crackdowns that followed, combined with a national economic recession, drew more international attention to South Africa and shattered any remaining illusions that apartheid had brought peace or prosperity to the nation. Let us march forth with courage and determination, drawing If you express the peoples views, why have you been provided with a bodyguard? Another aspect of Afrikaans is its rich tendency toward onomatopoeiaI think a lot of this comes from the indigenous languages, like Khoisanand the way one can be creative with compound words. Dennis Brutus: The South African Years is published by Best Red, an imprint of the HSRC Press. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. A Thembu, a Coloured, and a White are one and the samething. WebThe supreme event in Afrikaans literature was the appearance of a group of talented poets, the Dertigers (Poets of the 30s), begun by W.E.G. The first poem I wrote, at age six, was about a fish. Tom Burns and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Nanzo ke izijwili zikrakra phambi kwakho. A surrender of our rights should be repugnant tous. But Apartheids Bantustans were based on a deliberate subversion of tradition, and Mbutumas concluding appeals for a return to consensus carry little weight. Kungoku akafuni kuzithoba agobekuwe. As in Poem 4, the God of the Old Testament is repeatedly invoked as Sabatas protector. WebMama Africa didn't mince her words when it came to colonization and Apartheid. Yini na ude uwanike ilifa luyihlo? He moved to England in 1977 where he became a touring lecturer for the Commonwealth Institute. Opponents of the Land Act formed the South African National Native Congress, which would become the African National Congress (ANC). But then, sometimes you feel there is more to explore around a certain theme, whether its in terms of subject or technique. He was praying because of the terrible wailing and the bitter tears of his people, (19) Sabata is the servant of Jehovah, ourGod. He could hear Nohajisi and her son, Sampu, crying. AmaMphondo namaGcaleka ayavuma. Ndithetha zimbatshile iitaba ze Khalinyanga, URulumente woziva izimvo zenu nixoxa. Amasiko angasivumeliyo isithethe asiwafuni, Akwenzeleni na la mabandla akwaNtsasana? At the Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, the two South African artists present multi-media works that memorialize anti-Apartheid resistance. The poems that I have been studying are Half-Caste by John Agard and Nothings Changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika. South African History Online.South Africa: Twenty-Five Years Since Apartheid. Yini na ukubulala isilambi seBhulu? The rest is just assembly, like putting strokes of paint on a canvas. Kumkani ebunganga bumi ngaKapa, On the other hand, Afrika uses many metaphors and similes such as; for a stone, a bomb. But he was non-dogmatic, also participating in protests of the Coloured Peoples Congress, affiliated to the African National Congress. For Mgoduka, a recent engagement resurfaced powerful anxieties; for Williamson, the film is part of a larger response to the lives of the born free generation those born after Apartheid ended who still bear traumas of the past. Ngangelizwe never fought against the colonial government, (8) Watervlerk received the foremost South African literary prizes, the Eugne Marais Prize and the Ingrid Jonker Award, and was followed by three more poetry collections, a book of short stories, and a novel, all written in Afrikaans. Journal of African Languages VI, 3 (1967), 212219. Read on this essays introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. When their voice reached Jonguhlanga, (16) Constantine: How does one of your poems become a poem? Perhaps Afrikaans as a young language is still very close to its ancestors, and that makes it more flexible as it grows and develops. But then again English has a mixed ancestry too. And then you return to it. (17) It is like a young child running ahead to investigate the world but then coming back to briefly clasp its parents hand once again. Unje ngoLizibedi kwelaPhesheya. Ma kube lee kuthi ukunikisa ngamafa ubawo. Wathi okuhle ebaThenjini kulinyala nesikizi, Ngenxa yomzi kaNtu osezinxwalekweni, Though a conservative, De Klerk underwent a conversion to a more pragmatic political philosophy, and his government subsequently repealed the Population Registration Act, as well as most of the other legislation that formed the legal basis for apartheid. Bathi boyika ufafa lukaMhlobo ngebekunceda; , clean Afrikaanseverything very correct, no anglicisms and no suspect words that were not approved by the language commission. For example, Phaswane Mpe deals with AIDS and tribal migration in his novel Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2001), while K. Sello Duiker examines class struggles within the South African black community in his two novels, Thirteen Cents (2000) and The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001). Iimantyi noMongameli ngabancedisi bokumkani! It is like a young child running ahead to investigate the world but then coming back to briefly clasp its parents hand once again. This sample essay on Racism Poems provides important aspects of the issue and arguments for and against as well as the needed facts. I can only write what I write. Nelson Mandela and For you have acted stupidly and irresponsibly. Athi ke mna mbongi yesizwe nakanye, I saw him once again, standing over Dalindyebos grave. As I am speaking the Mnqhangi Mountains are facing in the opposite direction, Fortunatelyand maybe poetry and literature played a part in thisAfrikaans has become much more flexible and tolerant. Discuss Toloki's process of self-definition, as described in Ways of Dying by Zakes Mda. Mbombosholo embumbi wezizwe zichithwa, As the white The British colonial authorities refused to grant him a residence permit. help. WebWe have set out on a quest for true humanity, and somewhere on the distant horizon we can see the glittering prize. WebNelson Mandela Poems, Elegies, Tributes, Quotes and Epigrams South African Apartheid Freedom Poetry An Inspiring Tribute to Nelson Mandela by Muhammad Ali and the Poem "Invictus" by William Ernest Henley Nelson Mandela and the Elders: Reflections on Palestine and Peace in the Middle East Is it choice or inevitability? Nenze ngobudenge nangobutyhakala, Together with the South Indian National Congress, the ANC organized a mass meeting in 1952, during which attendees burned their pass books. In the poem Half-Caste a mixed race person is directly attacking a racist through words. The second date is today's I remember him calling for his deadly assegai, Ubundlobongela abuze buncede mutu. Wathetha uMvuzo nonyana wakhe ngazwi linye, My personal response to the poems half-caste and Nothings changed is that everyone should be treated equally no matter their colour and creed. the language spoken in the Western Cape province, mostly by people of mixed racial heritage, which has moved significantly from Afrikaans and has a new generation of cutting-edge young writers. Archive: U.S. Department of State.A History of Apartheid in South Africa. It is always sparked by some previous experience, whether emotional, sensory, or intellectual. He reveals his true colours by accepting a position that is legitimately his. In 1989 F. W. de Klerk was elected as the new South African president, promising a nonracist South Africa for the future. In 1964 the president of the ANC, Nelson Mandela, was arrested for treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. My comparison and analysation of the two poems will be portrayed in the paragraphs below. Uxolo yindalo kukumkani bendalo kubaThembu. WebWhen South African poet Ilse van Stadens first poetry collection, Watervlerk, was published in 2003, it was heralded as one of the groundbreaking poetry works of the new millennium that steered Afrikaans literature toward new and brave directions. Tyrone Augusts welcome, and overdue, biography Dennis Brutus, The South African Years is based on the authors doctoral dissertation at the University of the Western Cape. puts words together that you would never expect within miles of each other, in the most unique metaphors. return, which is among the poems published in this issue. to return to the senior Thembu chiefs. The pared-down grammar and structure of Afrikaans may also play a role. If I start out on a completely new poem or theme, I will mostly just sit down with pen and paper, almost as if meditating, or fossicking, as we say in Australia where I now livefossicking, as in prospecting for gold or gemstones in abandoned minesand just start playing around with thoughts and words. Manage Settings Ubukhosi bakho buselizeni uludingweni. Constantine: Ive always felt that there is something pivotal about return. Would you agree? This book both gives us readers the most thorough biography to date on Brutus, though there is nothing about where and how his seven children completed school and made their lives. Brutus is one of the most underrated poets of South Africa. Van Staden: It is indeed changing at a great pace, even if it is just the dialects or varieties that are veering away from the standard language. By doing so, you will help us maintain a safe and reliable environment for all users. The poem, which helped Mandela persist through extraordinarily I do not know whether you still have some life inyou. Walila uNohajisi nonyana wakhe uSampu, Lebohang Kganye, Untouched by the Ancient Caress of Time, 2022,fiberboard, cardboard, light. Xolani mabandla akowethu xolani, When your first volume of poetry, Watervlerk, was published in 2002, critics spoke of word landscapes and pointed to surprising neologisms that show Afrikaanss potential for nuance. The title helps me to understand the poem because it is the main message that is going through the poem. Ndithetha ndijongene neentaba zoMnqhwazi, Kha undixelele nkoso yam Kaiser kaMatanzima, cummings, for example. Kukumene uKaiser kokwabo Ngangelizwe. Log in here. Athi ke mna mbongi yesizwe ibuyambo, The pared-down grammar and structure of Afrikaans may also play a role. The end of apartheid, however, ushered in a new transitional stage for South African authors. That none of his collections were published in South Africa testifies to apartheid police state censorship: leftists passed from hand to hand copies of his poems. States of Emergency, the Apartheid Legal Order and the Tradition of the Oppressed in South African Fiction Stephen Morton States of Emergency Published online: 5 May 2013 Chapter Literary and cultural criticism in South Africa David Johnson The Cambridge History of South African Literature Published online: 28 January 2012 Chapter This shows how he stands outside mainstream British culture. Death, in other words, with death as a destination. WebNelson Mandela, the anti-apartheid leader who was jailed for his activism and in 1994 became South Africas first black President, regularly recited one poem during his more than twenty-five years of imprisonmentthe 1875 poem Invictus by English poet William Ernest Henley. Constantine: You have mentioned to me personally that you grew up bilingually in Afrikaans and English. Van Staden: Maybe the fact that I grew up on a farm, surrounded by nature, played a role in the subject matter of my poetry. He wants to change the tradition that has been going on in the past few years so that everyone is equal. And there must have been some pressure from my mom, hoping to raise an Afrikaans poetthe Christmas gift I was given when I was seven was a volume of poetry by Elizabeth Eybers, the first published female Afrikaans poet. Afrikaans is like a young child running ahead to investigate the world but then coming back to briefly clasp its parents hand once again. Hayi ngokutshabalalisa abantwana bokumkani. Van Staden: Was it perhaps the insecurity of a young language clinging to form and dogma because it was afraid of losing its newfound identity? Police cars cockroach through the tunnel streets; Violence like a bug-infested rag is tossed, And fear in immanent as sound in the wind-swung bell. ANC leader Nelson Mandela, released from prison in February 1990, worked closely with President F.W. Undincamisile ngoqhila umkhosi wentashabalalo. Critic Mbulelo Vizikhango Mzamane has asserted that, [t]he move from protest to challenge to reconstruction in South Africa has been accompanied at the literary level by a shift from the literature of surface meaningdependent entirely upon spectacular eventsto the literature of interiority with its concern with introspection and the inner life. The post-apartheid environment has also inspired critical reexaminations and recontextualizations of several notable South African literary works, including Sol Plaatje's Mhudi: An Epic of Native Life a Hundred Years Ago (1930), Coetzee's July's People (1981), Fugard's Boesman and Lena (1969), Gordimer's Burger's Daughter (1979), and Mbongeni Ngema's Sarafina! Words are basic, which means the poet then has the freedom to change them. In Disgrace (1999), Coetzee's Booker Prize-winning novel, the author describes the personal crisis of a man whose life is problematized by South Africa's shifting cultural norms. MOBILIZE! Nelson Mandela, a founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), the military wing of the ANC, was incarcerated from 1963 to 1990; his imprisonment would draw international attention and help garner support for the anti-apartheid cause. Theoretically, you can create endlessly long compound words by just adding more modifiers, so in still-scape, instead of just writing the wintery mild windy blue air, I used a compound word to form a more quiet, uninterrupted horizon line for the poem. Unlike English, for which the fifth-century Anglo-Saxon dialects and Greek and Latin as etymological ancestors are very far away, like dusty great-great-grandparents. cummings, for example. He lifted the country's ban of the ANC and released Mandela from prison in 1990. For me, death and our journey toward it is not a morbid subject but an exciting voyage. is a master with wordshe is more than a wordsmith, he is an alchemist. The Drum writers and associated poets of the 1950s including As a young poet did you specifically choose Afrikaans as the language in which you would write poetry? I am speaking near the peak of the Drakensberg Mountains, (1) It can dip in and out of the past, dawdle through the present, perhaps even stick its nose into the future. Separating Black South Africans from each other enabled the government to claim there was no Black majority and reduced the possibility that Black people would unify into one nationalist organization. Every Black South African was designated as a citizen as one of the Bantustans, a system that supposedly gave them full political rights, but effectively removed them from the nations political body. This was recited in March 1963, one month after the fifth poem (see also parts one, two and three and four for the background). WebSouth African texts published after the first democratic elections in 1994 are commonly referred to as post-apartheid literature because, despite the lingering after-effects of the former political system, this event marked the eradication of legalized racial segregation. University of Western Cape provides support as a hosting partner of The Conversation AFRICA. Archipelago Books is about to bring out an English translation of. Fiction, poetry, essays, interviews, dozens of timely book reviews, and booklists make the latest issue ofWLT, like every issue, your passport to great reading. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. I am speaking facing the Mnqhwazi Mountains, Don Mattera's poetry shows the agony of having seen Sophiatown being brought down, and black people forcibly removed. If there are three dates, the first date is the date of the original Ian Bourland is a critic and associate professor of art history at Georgetown University, USA. This period of colonization helped shape how these groups conceived of their identities as well as how they saw others. The quote No sign says it is: But we know where we belong shows that he is describing how although there is no official segregation the sentiment of inequality lives on. Critics noted the inspired and daring creativity and innovation of van Stadens language, an important linguistic and literary reawakening for Afrikaans after the oppressive decades of apartheid that had constricted, regulated, and censored the language and its literature. Nowadays, chiefs make unilateral decisions, But if I am already exploring a certain theme, I sometimes make a mind map to help me visualize it, then free-associate with words and wordplay and intertextuality. Even so, we are all agreed Sabata is the only paramount chief of the Thembu. Taken together, these projects assemble a sort of national family album, underscoring the exhibitions motifs of memorial and translation. Yet while the poem alludes to the distant social worlds fostered under And yet I felt that there was something very unusual and creative about Afrikaans, the way its word fusions could lead to uncanny nuances. The stakes of such labour is heightened in the South African context, wherein censorship, secrecy and distortions of the official record were long tactics of the state. Ndithetha zifulathele iintaba zoMnqhangi, The reforms fell short of any substantive change, however, and by 1989 Botha was pressured to step aside in favor of another conservative president, F.W. However, they are both similar as they both dont implement much rhythm and rhyme. Elsewhere, Williamsons memory work is more literal, as in the 28-minute film That Particular Morning (2019), in which Siyah Ndawela Mgoduka asks his mother, Doreen, long-simmering questions about their lives, particularly about his father Mbambalala, who was killed by a car bomb in 1989. Zakes Mda, for example, who spent thirty-two years living outside South Africa, has chronicled the struggle of both South African citizens and expatriates in adjusting to the wealth of social changes in post-apartheid society. The ANC colours were then illegal. Norman, OK 73019-4037 Speaking of creative compound words, one of the elements of your poetry that has fascinated me is the innovation and inventiveness of your language. Many were shot in the back while fleeing. Of course, you have a field of reference when you start out as a writerwhat has been said or done before and in what wayand this field of reference is much smaller for a young language. And yet I felt that there was something very unusual and creative about Afrikaans, the way its word fusions could lead to uncanny nuances. Yini na ade akugcine akukokose ngakasana? heralded as one of the groundbreaking poetry works of the new millennium that steered Afrikaans literature toward new and brave directions. The quotation but yu must come back tomorrow wid de whole of yu eye an de whole of yu ear an de whole of yu mind. It is sad that this wonderful work came to be at a time of such tragic personal loss. Athi ke mna mbongi yesizwe nakanye. I remember him calling for his murderous panga. Alandele uKaiser kaMatanzima phantsi koZwelihle. All other material on this website may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Pick Me Up Poetry (pty) Ltd. The Sharpeville massacre convinced many anti-apartheid leaders that they could not achieve their objectives by peaceful means, and both the PAC and ANC established military wings, neither of which ever posed a serious military threat to the state. The fight against apartheid took many different forms, including poetry. Of course, you have a field of reference when you start out as a writerwhat has been said or done before and in what wayand this field of reference is much smaller for a young language. For me it is also a step toward thinking about not just life, but death. The last date is today's Theme of Racism in Two Poems: Comparison. Kanti ubukumbani nobukhosi abufundelwa. What has happened in Thembuland is a disgrace and a scandal. (7) But then again English has a mixed ancestry too. Coelacanths and other ancient animals appear in intriguing ways in other poems too. The form of the poem is related to its subject, as John Agard uses non-standard English, in the form of Afro-Caribbean patois. The paramount chief has made protests, but to noavail. I once saw an army attack Qitsi villagers for a similar reason. He was shot trying to escape, and sentenced to 18 months on Robben Island. As I am speaking, the Gqaga Mountains are deeply grieved, WebThis is a collection of 15+ raw and emotional poems that detail the atrocities of apartheid and its lasting impact. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Lavakala ilizwi elingqongqo liqondisisa, Or it returns to you, like an ancient coelacanth you had thought extinct long ago. For 14 years Brutus taught English and Afrikaans in South Africa. Williamson, for instance, made monotype prints of women leaders and reproduced them as small postcards part agit-prop, part icon that circulated where traditional art could not (A Few South Africans, 198287). Constantine: Your newly minted words seem to gather together many intriguing elements and histories. He carries on employing fun at the term half-caste by the quotes such as Im sure youll understand why I offer yu half-a-hand an when I sleep at night I close half-a-eye. In this essay I will be exploring, comparing and analysing two poems that explore the theme of racism. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Akukho nto ilunyanzelo, esizweni yimvisiswano. Kungoku nyasiralisela umfo kaMhlobo, Van Staden: The short answer: I dont know. He was preparing to fight Qaqawulis enemies. de Klerk began to repeal most of the legislation that provided the basis for apartheid. Their visages anchor the first gallery and complement Kganyes series of black and white, figurative wall-hangings rendered in fabric (Mosebetsi wa Dirithi, 2022), which concisely introduces a practice of extrapolating from (or interpolating oneself into) everyday photography. This was recited in March 1963, one month after the fifth poem (see also parts one, two and three and four for the background). This shows us that the feelings of depression still reside within him and that anger has risen within him. Consequently, the celebrated Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (19962000) provided a non-retributive public forum in which narratives of life under the regime could be heard. The Apartheid regime that governed South Africa for much of the 20th century operated through separateness: Black people were moved to the hinterlands, men taken from families, cosmopolitan neighbourhoods bulldozed, languages disrupted. He finally left South Africa on a no-return exit permit in 1966 after his release. Kunjenje nje nguKaiser ngokuthanda amawonga. We also appeal to you, Matanzimas grandson, Buyelani mzi kaNtu nithethe izinto zenu; Is it lack of courage, men? This was recited in March 1963, one Dennis Vincent Brutus was a South African activist, educator, journalist and poet best known for his campaign to have apartheid South Africa banned from the Olympic Games. Lathi lona siyamtyoda ngokuthanda amawonga, Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. One major challenge for scholars of his oeuvre is that censorship compelled him to publish his prose and poems under a bewildering array of noms-de-plume: Anon., J.B Booth, B.K, le Dab, D.A.B., Julius Friend, John Player, and L.N Terry. But that can of course be done in any language. All told, Brutus published 12 collections, starting in 1963 with Sirens, Knuckles, Boots and culminating in 2005 with Leafdrift. April 28, 2023 Show Host: Palki Sharma Upadhyay. Updated: April 20, 2023 | Original: October 7, 2010. And a strong foreboding voice could beheard, Among this reviewers treasured books are two collections, inscribed and autographed in his incredibly neat calligraphy. One of the challenges you face as a poet, as you write more and more, is not to get stuck in a rut, carving a thematic and technical or formal niche for yourself and then getting trapped in it. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Pick Me Up Poetry may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. The South China Sea, stability in the Taiwan Strait and a free and open Indo Pacific are often subjects US and China spar over. Ndithetha zinesinqhala iitaba zeGqaka, Constantine: Speaking of creative compound words, one of the elements of your poetry that has fascinated me is the innovation and inventiveness of your language. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Neil Leifer /Sports Illustrated via Getty Images, Dennis Brutus: South African literary giant who was reluctant to tell his life story. Ilizwi lisiwe liphuma esizweni, These figures have also noted a certain degree of tension between the older and younger generations of post-apartheid writers. I found him using brandy as a quencher of his worries. Both Mbutuma and Sabata had attended mission schools. For me it is also a step toward thinking about not just life, but death. Van Staden: The passage of time on a geological and evolutionary scale is the poems theme, but it is also an actual return to the themes from previous poems. Yifani nje ngezinja benzi bobudenge nenkohlakalo. The Government will listen to your views in discussion. His love of his land is shown here overwhelmingly. Post-apartheid literature comprises works written by South African authors, both black and white, in the last decade of the twentieth century and beyond. Ukaiser Matanzima ngumntu wakhokanye, Kha ujike ujonge ngasemva uwedwa, Words like yu and dem indicate that he has the best of both cultures. But their seniority is subject to Sabatas paramountcy, as dictated by custom. He returned to South Africa in 2005 as an honorary professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. Breyten Breytenbach, for instance, is a master with wordshe is more than a wordsmith, he is an alchemist. Pages 7, Theme of Racism in Two Poems: Comparison, Ask a professional expert to help you with your text, Give us your email and we'll send you the essay you need, By clicking Send Me The Sample you agree to the terms and conditions of our service. The Mpondo and Gcaleksa are willing to join hands withyou. Be advised, abandon the course you have chosen. Together, Mandela and de Klerk negotiated the ending of South Africa's apartheid policies and drafted a new national constitution. And there is Chief Zwelihle, who is senior to Matanzima.
