disadvantages of nanotechnology in cancer treatment

disadvantages of nanotechnology in cancer treatmentchemical that dissolves human feces in pit toilet

Recently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles have attracted great interest in cancer therapeutics as they can provide improved and targeted drug delivery systems to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy. Rotello, Sniffing out cancer using chemical nose sensors. Among the inorganic nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and metal oxides have gained noteworthy consideration due to their exceptional properties and recent progress in the fundamental understanding through the development of innovative techniques. The result shows that Ni-NPs are of high purity. 2022 Mar 1;2(3):258-281. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00003. Therapeutic efficacy of passive targeted approaches is limited by the heterogeneity of the EPR effects seen within and between different tumors. Similarly, the cellular uptake and in vivo fate of micellar nanoparticles have been explored, wherein negatively charged micellar nanoparticles were taken up by tumor cells, and the mechanism of internalization was determined to occur through multiple distinct endocytic pathways including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis. C 91, 395403 (2018), G. Arya, M. Das, S.K. Additionally, as new multidrug resistance mechanisms are unraveled and studied, nanoparticles are being investigated more vigorously. Int. 1. Accessibility 15(6), 21942205 (2018), M.U. J. Toxicol. J. Pharm. Integr. Sci. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. AK acknowledges International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) Fellowship (Molecular Biology) from the Max Planck Society, Germany (2016-18) and Melbourne Research Scholarship for the support of his research at the University of Melbourne. Am. Finally, the surface charge significantly affects the internalization process and the cellular endocytosis mechanism as discussed above [112]. Introduction. Docetaxel-loaded galactosamine combined with polydopamine-modified nanoparticles synthesized from d-a-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-poly(lactide) (Gal-pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs) were found to inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells more effectively than TPGS-PLA/NPs, pD-TPGS-PLA/NPs, and a clinically available docetaxel formulation (Taxotere). 127(36), 1249212493 (2005), Z. Liu et al., Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery. Drug Deliv. c The in vitro influence of IGF1 and IGF1-IONPs on cell proliferation. Int. Chemical affinity for active targeting is based on different specific molecular interactions such as receptorligand-based interactions, charge-based interactions and facilitated motif-based interactions with substrate molecules [41, 42]. Feazell et al., Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes as longboat delivery systems for platinum(IV) anticancer drug design. Oncol. 13(8), 24952505 (2017), Q. Liu et al., Facile synthesis by a covalent binding reaction for pH-responsive drug release of carboxylated chitosan coated hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Int. Cancer is one of the primary diseases that threaten human lives. Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1-100 nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Biotechnol. In vivo studies of MUC1 aptamer-capped mesoporous silica nanomaterials on MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice were found to effectively target breast cancer cells and induce a dramatic reduction in cell viability [223]. 60(11), 13071315 (2008), O.R. Chem. Doxorubicin-loaded lactoferrin-PLS displayed stronger inhibitory effects in ASGPR-positive HCC cells than with unmodified PEGylated liposomes. In fact, significant strides have been made towards the application of engineered nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer with high specificity, sensitivity and efficacy. Nanotechnology 20(11), 115103 (2009), J.-Z. Breast Dis. 7cg. Mater. 6, 286 (2015), B.S. 22(27), 1377313781 (2012), Y. Wang et al., Graphene oxide covalently grafted upconversion nanoparticles for combined NIR mediated imaging and photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy. Several studies have demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity with targeting moieties. Mater. Payload delivery capacity depends on how effectively drugs have been packaged, and how drug release mechanisms are programmed into the nanosystems. Safwat et al., Fluorouracil-loaded gold nanoparticles for the treatment of skin cancer: development, in vitro characterization, and in vivo evaluation in a mouse skin cancer xenograft model. Likewise, PEG capped Au nanoparticles coated with [Pt(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane) (H2O)2]2NO3 were takenup, and localized in the lung epithelial and colon cancer cell lines showing more significant effects than the drug alone [128]. See this image and copyright information in PMC. However, to reach clinical application, an understanding of nanoneurotoxicity in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation is required. The authors announce no competing of interest. The cellular entry of nanomaterials depends on surface charge [109]. Sci. Roopan, Biosynthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles and its anticancer activity on human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116). Cells Nanomed. Nanotechnology has led to several promising results with its applications in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, including drug delivery [ 2 ], gene therapy, detection and diagnosis, drug carriage, biomarker mapping, targeted therapy, and molecular imaging. J. Nanomed. 2020 Aug 20;7:193. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00193. Liposome-based drug carrier systems have been developed to prolong the circulation time of the drugs and reduce toxicity to healthy tissues around. Further, the biodistribution of the nanomaterialdrug formulation is influenced by blood perfusion, passive interactions with biomolecules along the route, and immunological clearance processes such as phagocytosis or renal clearance [33]. Wherein, the material display higher cytotoxicity against human liver cancer cells HepG2, and revealed to have improved bioavailability at the site [140]. 66, 225 (2014), D. Rosenblum et al., Progress and challenges towards targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics. In a related study, to treat the multidrug resistant cancer cells with elevated Bcl-2 levels, Xu et al. Carbon-based nanomaterials have also been extensively studied in imaging, delivery and diagnosis of cancer, due to their attractive characteristics such as high surface area, high drug loading capacity, and easily modifiable surfaces [7, 192,193,194,195,196,197]. Tamoxifen and imatinib mesylate were released in controlled manner from the temperature sensitive liposomes prepared using a combination of phospholipids with a transition temperature near to 39C. J. Nanomed. 2023 Mar 25;11(4):733. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040733. Normally, given the complexity of nanoparticles administration routes and undesirable interactions with non-specific molecules within the organisms, the difference in the nanoparticles affinity towards cancerous and normal cells would not be sufficient for high specificity and efficient delivery to the target site required for wide utility for biomedical applications. Messersmith, D.J. ACS Nano 1(1), 5056 (2007), R.P. Dalton Trans. Stimuli responsive dendrimers enhance therapeutic efficiency and diminish the side effects. Cells Nanomed. Cancer Res. These structures can be produced by using macromolecules such as polyamide amine (PAMAM), polypropyleneimine and poly(aryl ether). 2 [29]. Later liposomes were PEGylated (PLS) by a PEG-lipid post-insertion technique followed by covalent coupling with lactoferrin (Lf) to the surface of liposomes as illustrated in Fig. Nanomaterial-based smart, targeted systems exploit the multivalent nature of interactions of ligands with the target antigens. Yadav, S.C. Yadav, Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy - A Mini Significant properties of any nanomaterial used in biomedical delivery are its biocompatibility and biodegradability [228], with the discharged carrier degraded into nontoxic components and cleared through the circulation. pp. Recently, a theranostic nanoparticle to enhance intra-tumoral drug delivery by overcoming drug resistance and providing image-guided drug delivery by reducing the systemic toxicity was developed using iron oxide nanoparticles. Byrne, T. Betancourt, L. Brannon-Peppas, Active targeting schemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics. Chem. Bogart et al., Nanoparticles for imaging, sensing, and therapeutic intervention (ACS Publications, Washington DC, 2014), Book 16(4), 14571462 (2018), A.D. Bangham, M.M. Polym. Additionally, the in vivo biodistribution of nanoparticles suggest that the negatively charged particles accumulate in tumor sites more efficiently [110]. Chem. Current trends and challenges in cancer management and - SpringerOpen 111, 964970 (2014), M. Ghorbani, H. Hamishehkar, Redox and pH-responsive gold nanoparticles as a new platform for simultaneous triple anti-cancer drugs targeting. Cell Mol Biol Lett. Nat Commun. Current chemotherapy faces problems such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, induction of multi-drug resistance and stem-like cells growth. Rev. Eng. and transmitted securely. The use of a nanoparticles for medicine was first described in 1965, with liposomes as the first ones to be used [229]. Eng. Biomaterials 60, 111120 (2015), W. She et al., Dendronized heparindoxorubicin conjugate based nanoparticle as pH-responsive drug delivery system for cancer therapy. The authors have suggested that the antitumor effect of the surface modified docetaxel loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles resulted from the targeted delivery to HepG2 cells [269]. Netala et al., Biogenesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Indigofera hirsuta L. and their potential biomedical applications (3-in-1 system). 6 [188]. Ahnen, Targeting EGFR in colorectal cancer. Nano-based modalities provide enhanced transport across biological barriers, enable selective targeting ofmalignanttissues/cells, and offer strategies for sustained release of a drug [21, 22]. Sci. Mater. The active targeting was achieved using cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody, since epidermal growth factor receptor is highly expressed on the tumor surface of colorectal cancer cells. The large-scale production of nanoformulations, however, is quite challenging as their physicochemical properties may vary from batch to batch. The cellular uptake of surface modified PLGA nanoparticles were in the order of vitamin E TPGS-coated PLGA>PVA-coated PLGA>naked PLGA nanoparticles [124]. Mishra S, Bhatt T, Kumar H, Jain R, Shilpi S, Jain V. Front Pharmacol. Cancer biomarker; Cancer diagnosis; Nanoparticle. 394(1), 122142 (2010), R. Jevprasesphant et al., The influence of surface modification on the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers. 519(1), 352364 (2017), Y. Zhao et al., Methotrexate nanoparticles prepared with codendrimer from polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and oligoethylene glycols (OEG) dendrons: antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. An official website of the United States government. 13(1), 238IN27 (1965), J. Gubernator, Active methods of drug loading into liposomes: recent strategies for stable drug entrapment and increased in vivo activity. The size and shape of nanomaterials determine the extent of their tumor accumulation and in vivo distribution. The in vivo antitumor studies were conducted on male BALB/C nude mice bearing a HepG2 tumor model. Eur. ACS Appl. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The extent and kinetics of nanomaterial accumulation at the tumor site are influenced by their size. New opportunities for nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy. Sci. Soc. Sci. Similarly, pH sensitive liposomes have also proved to be effective in increasing the drug accumulation in resistant tumor cells and are potent drug carriers that can overcome multidrug resistance. B Biointerfaces 170, 514520 (2018), E. Heidarli, S. Dadashzadeh, A. Haeri, State of the art of stimuli-responsive liposomes for cancer therapy. The Clinical Translation of Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Polymeric Nanoparticles, Micelles, Liposomes and Exosomes. Res. The use of nanocarriers in the treatment of cancer may result in unwanted toxicity through unfavourable interactions with biological entities [289]. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that doxorubicin formulations had increased antiproliferative effect and was time and dose-dependent as depicted in Fig. Acta Biomater. This concentration difference on the cell surface is the basis for studies targeting cancer cells overexpressing EGFR [51, 52]. Colloids Surf. Progress in materials science and nanotechnology have brought nanomaterials-based formulations/drugs to the forefront of medical research, emerging as potential tools for cancer treatment and management. Nano Convergence Nanotechnology has recently sparked an interest in a variety of areas, including medicine, chemistry, physics, and biology. Colloids Surf. Patil et al., Single-step surface functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Med. In contrast, in closed-loop systems the drug release rate is controlled by the presence and intensity of internal stimuli in the vicinity of the target sites [60, 61]. 15(5), 17911799 (2018), D. Cui et al., Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-targeted gadolinium oxide-based multifunctional nanoparticles for dual magnetic resonance/fluorescent molecular imaging of prostate cancer. Mol. In this context, Chittasupho et al., have developed CXCR4 targeted dendrimer for breast cancer therapy. The findings highlighted the development of a thermo-responsive liposomal drug delivery system for combinational breast cancer treatment [97]. Interfaces 9(4), 39853994 (2017), K. Yin Win, S.-S. Feng, Effects of particle size and surface coating on cellular uptake of polymeric nanoparticles for ral delivery of anticancer drugs. Choi et al., Mechanism of active targeting in solid tumors with transferrin-containing gold nanoparticles. Similarly, mesoporous silica nanoparticles coated with different functional groups resulted in different mechanisms of endocytosis by HeLa cells, providing evidence of surface functional group-dependent uptake [129]. Carbohyd. ACS Nano 6(6), 53665380 (2012). Nanoscience 5, 3056 (2019), R.A. Revia, M. Zhang, Magnetite nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and treatment monitoring: recent advances. People will never need to disrupt or obliterate the environment since they can use unused things and left over things that have been used up already. J. Kam, Z. Liu, H. Dai, Functionalization of carbon nanotubes via cleavable disulfide bonds for efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA and potent gene silencing. Rotello, Functionalized gold nanoparticles for drug delivery. Standish, J.C. Watkins, Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Azhar NA, Abu Bakar SA, Citartan M, Ahmad NH. (n.d.). This review summarizes the latest developments in nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials affect the adhesion to cells, their interaction, and accumulation which leads to therapeutic or toxic effects [23, 100, 101]. Biomaterials 32(10), 25402545 (2011), S. Bhattacharyya et al., Efficient delivery of gold nanoparticles by dual receptor targeting. Mater. 2, 751 (2007), V.M. This alteration could cause nanoparticles to lose their specificity leading to sub-optimal localization in desired sites or at cellular targets. 3. Comparative value of these approaches depends . [222] have developed macroporous silica nanoparticles with a peptide loading efficiency of 40%, which upon administration induced apoptosis. Mater. 6(4), 877884 (2018), Y.-J. Sahoo, Evaluation of curcumin loaded chitosan/PEG blended PLGA nanoparticles for effective treatment of pancreatic cancer. 46, 847859 (2018), S.P. Nanotechnology has the potential to circumvent several drawbacks of conventional therapeutic formulations. Ghaffari et al., Functionalization of ZnO nanoparticles by 3-mercaptopropionic acid for aqueous curcumin delivery: synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment. 18(39), 1221812221 (2012), S.-F. Lee et al., Ultrasound, pH, and magnetically responsive crown-ether-coated core/shell nanoparticles as drug encapsulation and release systems. There are several studies reporting on successful applications of passive targeting of tumor cells and a successful translation into clinical therapeutics. 527(1), 142150 (2017), Y. Huang et al., Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with folic acid for dual target-specific drug delivery and MRI in cancer theranostics. have proposed a multi-factorial nanosystem that changes size upon reaching different locations of the tumor sites. Biomaterials 37, 447455 (2015), R. Chakravarty et al., Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor vasculature targeting and PET image-guided drug delivery. 252(1), 263266 (2003), X. 66(13), 67326740 (2006), H. Zhou et al., IGF1 receptor targeted theranostic nanoparticles for targeted and image-guided therapy of pancreatic cancer. J. Pharm. Moreover, due to the poor lymphatic function, the nanoparticles are not rapidly cleared and accumulate in the tumor interstitium [30]. Front Mol Biosci. Adv. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. CA Cancer J Clin. Formulations have been approved for the treatment of Kaposis sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer including Doxil, Myocet, DaunoXome, DepoCyte, Lipoplatin. Nano Convergence 6, 23 (2019). Elias et al., Effect of ligand density, receptor density, and nanoparticle size on cell targeting. Several polymer-based therapeutics are currently in the market or undergoing a clinical evaluation to treat cancer. 28(11), 28152822 (2017), V. Karthika et al., Biocompatible properties of nano-drug carriers using TiO2Au embedded on multiwall carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery. It is recommended that additional studies must be carried out to address the toxicity concerns, since the metal-based nanoparticles are easy to tune with the required properties for efficient loading of drugs and their potential may be excessively high in the field of biology and medicine. Oncotarget 8(35), 5873858753 (2017), L. Meng et al., Chitosan-based nanocarriers with pH and light dual response for anticancer drug delivery. Mater. Nano Lett. Table2 highlights various inorganic nanocarriers for delivery of anticancer therapeutics. To ascertain this dependence, three different sizes and two different shapes (13nm sphere, 50nm sphere and 40nm star) of siRNA-conjugated gold nanoconstructs were developed to check the in vitro response of U87 glioblastoma cells targeting the expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. have used benzoic-imine bonds to attach -cyclodextrin directly to mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) which were partially hydrolyzed in the extracellular tumor space and completely hydrolysed inside endosomes with low pH ~5. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Eng. Rev. Ther. Lancet et al., Final results of a phase III randomized trial of CPX-351 versus 7 + 3 in older patients with newly diagnosed high risk (secondary) AML. Nanoscale 10(18), 85368546 (2018), N. Singh, A. Sachdev, P. Gopinath, Polysaccharide functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes as nanocarriers for delivery of curcumin in lung cancer cells. Eng. Biopharm. Due to the advancements in nanomedicine, several nanoparticle formulations have been developed for co-deliveryof cancer chemotherapeutics [270, 271]. Chithrani et al. Sun et al., Temperature-sensitive gold nanoparticle-coated pluronic-PLL nanoparticles for drug delivery and chemo-photothermal therapy. The % of viable cells after 96h incubation with IGF1 or IGF1-IONPs, and for 4h at equivalent IGF1 concentrations was estimated by cell proliferation assay, wherein *P<0.05; **P<0.001. d The in vivo effect on tumor cell proliferation of IGF1-IONPs in human pancreatic PDX-tumor xenografts.

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