united states acquisitions and annexations 1857 1904what happened to mark reilly strong island
for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. 25. 27. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 286,541. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. Leadership Task 2 36. 12. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. 22. I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Pdf. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. 27. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2014). organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. (William B.) With that, the United States was no longer a union of states alone but an amalgam of states and territories , which it has been ever since. 46. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). Arguments for U.S. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. The question of territory was there from the start. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. . JFIF ` ` C After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. Islands. Puerto Rican scholars have written a great deal about Albizu, who is a towering figure in Puerto Rican culture. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. Pdf. Treaty of Paris a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. U.S. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. Its not only the Philippines. 4. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. Also available in digital form. For a very long time, in fact. The country claimed 94 such islands . There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. 1848. 23. 47. 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. They hung on classroom walls. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Those examples are merely suggestive. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. 32. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. 4 0 obj See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. Yet annexation did take place. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. Acquisition may refer to: . See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Hi By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. endobj The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. <>>> ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . But things are changing quickly. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). 19. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 33. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . When we factor the territories in, were left not with the logo mapthe familiar compact and static land mass. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. Discussion Board 5 12 Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). Not yet. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. (New York, 2006), 179. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. 35. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. - Shattuc, W. B. ",#(7),01444'9=82. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. If you have any questions please let me know.! Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. Gadsden Purchase. 15. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. 14. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . 43. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. The comparison is enlightening. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 39. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. But California was the extreme. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. In the span of only a few years, the United States had increased its size exponentially with the contentious annexation of Texas in 1845, the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain for half of the Oregon Country; and acquired California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming as a result of the Mexican-American War 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. 5. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. David Rumsey Map Collection. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. endobj It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Annexation of independent republic. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. United States--Foreign relations, - More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire .
