disadvantages of the grand ethiopian renaissance damwhat happened to mark reilly strong island
Given these considerations, it seems that Ethiopia has all but won the dispute. Ethiopia argues that developing this resource is crucial to its economic development, and to overcoming poverty and famine, that have plagued the country in the past. The situation seemed to improve in the beginning of 2015 when tripartite negotiations were held in order to determine principles of cooperation. The Tripartite National Council (TNC) was then established, consisting of members from each of the three countries with the aim of carrying through the IPoE's recommendations (Attia & Saleh, 2021). After all, the VCLT allows states to withdraw from or terminate a treaty owing to a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred and which was not foreseen by the parties (Article 62(1)). It states in Principle III that the parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent the causing of significant harm. Review a brief history of copyright in the United States. Sudan, caught between the competing interests of both Egypt and Ethiopia, has been changing its stance on the issue. These discussions highlighted benefits such as more consistent water flow, minimising the risks of flood and drought, and the potential for discounted hydroelectricity produced by the Dam. Water scarcity is a growing problem. The dispute resolution committee could be made up of the Nile Council of Ministers (Nile-COM), which includes the ministers in charge of water affairs in all member states of the Nile River Basin. Ethiopia and Egypt Are Fighting Over the Nile River. The United States DISADVANTAGES OF ASWAN DAM the agriculture output of Egypt. Egypt has taken various efforts in a bid to secure its water security in the context of the Nile River. More alarmingly, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak allegedly even considered bombing the Dam. The Blue Nile is Ethiopias largest river, with high potential for hydropower and irrigation. From this round of talks, it appears that negotiations are able to move forward and address other sticking points on the agenda, such as conflict resolution mechanisms and the dams operations in the event of multi-year droughts (Al Jazeera, 2020). Flashcards. Egyptian Water Security and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Why Cairo - U.S. Special Envoy to the Horn of Africa Ambassador Mike Hammer met with senior Egyptian government officials on July 25 to advance a diplomatic resolution on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) that supports the water needs, economy, and livelihood of all Egyptians, Sudanese, and Ethiopians. These are two of the largest dams in Africa. "I came to Cairo on my first official trip to the region to hear . Ethiopia should get its fair share of water that originates in Ethiopia. While such dams also come with long-term benefits to local populations, the chief beneficiary will always be the state, which reaps profits from the sale of surplus electricity. Egypt accuses. UN ready to promote 'win-win solution' for Blue Nile dam project - Ethiopia's massive. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts. Flashcards. The 6,000-megawatt Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, shown here in May 2016, is scheduled to begin producing electricity in 2017. It seeks to build an infrastructure for regional water hegemony, positioning it, at the very least, in such a way that it can exchange water for oil. Egypts original goal was to have the project purely and simply cancelled. In terms of putative new law, namely the Watercourses Convention and the DoP, the key principles of equitable utilisation and no significant harm seem to leave ample room to accommodate the construction of a dam for hydroelectric generation purposes. It is clearly a philosophy that looks beyond the electricity and freshwater needs of local communities to a geo-strategic restructuring of the Horn of Africa. Second, the upstream riparian states must recognize and accept Egypts near total dependence on the waters of the Nile River. The 10-year filling time of GERD will likely contribute to fastened salinisation in Egypt. Al Jazeera (2020). The official narrative is that Ethiopia can uproot poverty and bring about a definitive end to social and economic underdevelopment by means of the construction of a series of mega-dams combined with the development of the national energy infrastructure. Even in 2023, there are only 46 state parties, with key actors such as the US, Canada and Brazil remaining outside the Conventions regime. Ethiopia: The Untold Story of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam It is perhaps the most glaring demonstration of environmental or climate injustice that the youngest continent (60 percent of the population is below the age of twenty-five) is also the one that has historically least contributed to the industrial emissions of greenhouse gases yet is likely the one that will be hardest affected by meteorological It will take between eight and ten years to fill the new dam. Second came the 2015 Declaration of Principles (DoP) which concerned the Dam specifically (rather than the Nile more broadly). Ethiopia is pinning its hopes of economic development and power generation on the Blue Nile dam, which Egypt fears will imperil its water supply. His research indicates that rapid filling of the reservoir could lead to severe economic losses, though he notes that expanding groundwater extraction, adjusting the operation of Egypt's Aswan High Dam, and cultivating crops that require less water could help offset some of the impact. Finally, Ethiopia could make a strong case that the operation of the Dam is in alignment with the core principles of international water law, namely equitable utilisation and no significant harm. These are found in Articles 5 and 7 of the Water Courses Convention respectively and, despite the scepticism outlined above, arguably form part of customary international law. Poverty alleviation, which is a major concern for all Nile Basin countries, could form the basis of a cooperative arrangement between all the Niles riparians. Gebreluel, G. (2014). Kandeel, A. Download PDF 1.40 MB. Similarly, in 2018, the UNSC noted the water security risks in African nations such as Somalia, Sudan and Mali. The Watercourses Convention aims to regulate the uses, as well as the conservation, of all transboundary waters above and below the surface. According to Baradei, hydropower dams create immense turbulence in the water, where chemical reactions such as dissolved oxygen can destroy fauna and flora. (2014). In my opinion, this should be negotiable, to fill the lake over a longer period, and only when the river is sufficiently full. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. 2011. how much does the reservoir contain? Attia, H. & Saleh, M. (2021). But the Ethiopian elites show little interest in addressing such concerns, bent as they are on a nationalist revivalist project that claims an Ethiopian exceptionalism that places Addis Ababa above international law as it pursues a water-management strategy that has less to do with its development aims than with its ambitions to weaponise water in a bid for regional hegemony. The Untold Story of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Moreover, it arguably prohibits any reduction of flow to Egypt by limiting Ethiopias use of the Dam to electricity generation alone. Security implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt. When it is completed, with its concrete volume of 10.2 million m3, GERD will feature the largest dam in Africa. Search for jobs related to Disadvantages of the grand ethiopian renaissance dam or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 20m+ jobs. Perhaps the most significant project in the 2003 plan was the Chemoga-Yeda Hydroelectric Project, a series of five small dams on Blue Nile tributaries and two dams on the Genale River with a couple more envisioned for a later phase. The most important of these treaties is the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (the Watercourses Convention). After announcing the dam's construction, and with a view to the increasing tensions, the Ethiopian government invited both Egypt and Sudan to form an International Panel of Experts (IPoE) to solicit understanding of the benefits, costs and impacts of the GERD. Ethiopia also seems to have the political upper hand given that the Dam is effectively a fait accompli and given that Egypts erstwhile downstream ally, Sudan, switched sides in the dispute leaving the Egyptians diplomatically isolated. On March 4, 1834, the town of York in the British colony of Canada was incorporated as the City of Toronto. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will increase energy generation and development in Ethiopia, but it may have unwanted consequences for other Nile River users. The Tendaho, Tekeze, and the Gibe series are only a few examples from that period. International rights organisations have reported that many cases of displacement were not voluntary and that entire communities were driven from their villages. China at the heart of rising Nile River conflict - Asia Times However, it also entails potential negative effects on Egypt, if not carefully managed (see alsoSecurity implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt). This includes Sudan, another downstream nation that one might assume would oppose its construction. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will have negative impacts not only on Egypt but also on poor communities in Ethiopia as well as on its Nile Basin neighbours. PDF Negative Impact of Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Population on - AJER To date, no significant harm has been caused to Egypt or Sudan as a result of the ongoing construction of the GERD. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open - Hiiraan Online For Ethiopia, GERD is considered an economic game-changer. The Dam is used to generate electricity and went into partial operation in 2022. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a critical project that intends to provide hydroelectricity to support the livelihoods of millions of people in the region. In March 2015, a 'Declaration of Principles' was signed by the leaders of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, setting the foundations for an initial cooperation (Salman, 2017). Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Egypt's enemy or a blessing in Ethiopias dam-construction strategy threatens not only Kenyas water-resource development efforts but also Somalias water security, as is evidenced by Ethiopias development plans for the Jubba and Shebelle Rivers. Churning waters: Strategic shifts in the Nile basin. per year, that would constitute a drought and, according to Egypt and Sudan, Ethiopia would have to release some of the water in the dams reservoir to deal with the drought. Government of the United States of America. The CFA was a political success for the eight upstream states such as Ethiopia as it favoured those states and isolated the downstream states of Egypt and Sudan and made them appear recalcitrant. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Africa's Water Tower Downstream countries Egypt and Sudan have expressed concerns over the impacts of the dam on their water supply. What are the disadvantages of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam On March 4, 1909, the Copyright Act of 1909 became law, making infringement of a copyright a federal crime for the first time. At 6,000 MW, the dam will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa when completed at 2017(IPoE, 2013). However, another trend stresses the need to approach the question from a broader and more holistic perspective. This is because it is traditionally understood to refer to waterways that form intrinsic parts of international boundaries. All three countries have a vested interest in a properly operated dam. It could be a treaty or merely a political declaration as the name implies. Location l Formerly called as project x then known as the Millennium Dam then it renamed to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. There are suggestions that Egyptian officials in the World Bank managed to precipitate a policy that funds would only be awarded for non-contentious water projects, thus precluding funding for the Dam. Ethiopian opinion is divided over the need for such huge investments in hydroelectric energy when the national network is still very underdeveloped and unable to cope. Ethiopia has the basins most suitable locations for hydropower production, and its damming of the Blue Nile would significantly increase Sudan's potential for irrigated agriculture. First, Ethiopia could highlight that it was not a party to either the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty or the 1959 Egypt-Sudan Treaty. This represents a new challenge to the basins current hydro-political regime and status quo, as it may drive Sudans interest in renegotiating its current quota(Link et al., 2012;Whittington et al., 2014). The piece (i) gives a brief history of the Dam; (ii) outlines the role of the Watercourses Convention; (iii) explains the significance of the Nile Waters Treaties; (iv) sets out the main legal arguments for Egypt and (v) provides the main legal arguments for Ethiopia. Most recently, there have been suggestions that the African Union should resolve the disagreement. It also codified the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and no significant harm (essentially importing from the Watercourses Convention). It's very unpredictable and it can be very dangerous," says Pottinger. The grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (eg) - SlideShare The filling time is estimated to take about 10 years, during which the Blue Nile water flows would be reduced. In its 2013 report, the International Rivers Organisation predicted that the long-term effects of the Gibe III Dam would turn Lake Turkana into another Aral Sea. With regard to the mega-dams, the Gilgel Gibe III Dam and the GERD speak volumes on the substance of Zenawis political ideology. GIGA Focus No. In March 2015, a 'Declaration of Principles' was signed by the leaders of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, setting the foundations for an initial cooperation. The colonial powers have departed and so to continue to enforce treaties agreed based around their interests would be irrational. If the relevant parties can agree to these goals, the agreement, in the end, will need to include technical language that ensures equitable sharing of the Nile. casting the DoP as a treaty) has the potential to abrogate the Nile Waters Treaties that Egypt holds so dear. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. per year, that would constitute a drought, to push the three countries to adhere to their obligations in accordance with the rules of international law in order to reach a fair and balanced solution to the issue of the GERD, 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and 1959 Agreement. The unilateral decision taken by Ethiopia - which never recognised the 1959 agreement but had previously not been able to challenge it in fact - to build the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in 2011 represents a major political challenge to the 1959 Agreement. Despite the controversy and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam's effect on Egypt and Sudan, it appears that the Ethiopian government will continue to move forward with filling the dam. AFRICANGLOBE. This dam, set to be the largest in Africa in terms of power capacity, continues to cause disagreement between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt on filling and operation strategies. The IPoE report recommended two studies to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of GERD and was interpreted by both the Egyptian and the Ethiopian government as a vindication of their respective positions. This was an attempt at a wholesale replacement for the Nile Waters Treaties. The treaties also purported to give Egypt veto power over upstream projects. The current filling which is ongoing since early July 2021 has presented no issues as well. Egypt's 100 million people rely on the Nile for 90% of the country's water needs. However, Sudans future water requirements will likely exceed its water quota as defined in the 1959 Agreement. The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - jpl.nasa.gov Under the Ethiopian constitution, the state is the proprietor of the countrys land and natural resources, which gives the government significant control over the allocation and use of land. Tawfik, Rawia Discussion Paper 5/2015 . Egypt, fearing major disruptions to its access to the Nile's waters, originally intended to prevent even the start of the GERD's construction. Practically from the outset, the World Bank and international donors withdrew funding due to a lack of transparency, driven home when it was learned that the construction had begun without a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency in Ethiopia. Mainly, for the downstream countries, the. Thus, it is only through cooperation that Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and the other riparians can peacefully resolve conflicts over the Nile and achieve the type of water use that will contribute significantly to regional economic and human development. Such a meaningful resource-sharing agreement should not only resolve the conflict over water-use rights among the riparian states, but it should help define concepts such as equitable and reasonable use and significant harm, which have been used by the downstream states in their criticisms of the GERD. This is hardly a revelation, as this strategy has long been foremost in the minds of the ruling elites in Addis Ababa and supported by the international powers. I agree with the delivery of the newsletter. Hence, the customary law argument might be too ambitious. Still, Egypt may be playing with fire if it were to press the legal significance of the DoP. This antipathy is not new, with Munzinger noting even in the nineteenth century that Ethiopia is a danger for Egypt [which] must either take over Ethiopia and Islamize it or, retain it in anarchy and misery. Still, the Dam brings the old enmity into sharp focus. The controversy over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Brookings What Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia must overcome to all benefit from the Grand Renaissance Dam. Created by. In the end, all 11 riparian states must understand that the way forward calls for the establishment of a meaningful resource-sharing agreement, one that sees and recognizes the Nile River as a regional watercourse. Another difficulty for Egypt is that making this argument (i.e. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Agreement within Reach, Under-Secretary It has also expressed concerns about the potential impact the initial filling of the dam will have on areas downstream. (2014). "The Blue Nile is the lifeblood of Egypt and its people and critics fear the dam could significantly reduce water flow to the country." "Climate change is such a big unknown. An argument could be made that some of its provisions have passed into customary international law, however, that would require clear general practice and opinio juris. 74 cubic metres. Already, on June 19, 2020, Egyptian authorities called upon the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to intervene after tripartite talks had failed to secure an agreement on the filling schedule for the GERD. Fast Track Approach to Design and Construction at Grand Ethiopian Ethiopia could argue that those imperial powers did not foresee the decolonisation of Africa and that this represented a watershed event that profoundly changed the foundation on which the Nile Water Treaties were constructed. One question that keeps coming up is: Will Ethiopia be willing to release enough water from the reservoir to help mitigate a drought downstream? Although Egypt and Sudan are likely to resist efforts to include the other upstream riparians in the negotiations or to allow a regional organization, such as the NBI, to serve as an implementing organ, they must understand that the Nile River is a regional watercourse and its management must be approached from a regional perspective. Hence, it seems that such an argument would receive a warm welcome from the current bench were the matter ever to be adjudicated there. It can help the riparian states outline principles, rights, and obligations for cooperative management of the resources of the Nile. Indeed, Principle II notes that the purpose of the [Dam] is for power generation and regional integration through generation of sustainable and reliable clean energy supply. This is crucial given that hydroelectricity generation simply involves holding water back behind a dam for a period of time, and then releasing it again in a managed manner so that the electric turbines can spin consistently. Feb 11th 2021 DAMS HAVE several uses. Factbox: Key facts about Ethiopia's giant Nile dam | Reuters
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