can you take astragalus at nightwhat happened to mark reilly strong island
Chen, H. W., Lin, I. H., Chen, Y. J., Chang, K. H., Wu, M. H., Su, W. H., Huang, G. C., and Lai, Y. L. A novel infusible botanically-derived drug, PG2, for cancer-related fatigue: a phase II double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. View abstract. Adaptogens are botanicals that help the body remain resilient in the face of stressors such as infection, illness, or mental, emotional, or environmental stress, says Kalea Wattles, ND, a naturopathic physician with the Institute for Functional Medicine in Washington state. Huh, J. E., Seo, D. M., Baek, Y. H., Choi, D. Y., Park, D. S., and Lee, J. D. Biphasic positive effect of formononetin on metabolic activity of human normal and osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts. View abstract. Yuan, Y., Sun, M., and Li, K. S. Astragalus mongholicus polysaccharide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-alpha and interleukin-8. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. View abstract. Does the couse of astragalus-containing Chinese herbal prescriptions and radiotherapy benefit to non-small-cell lung cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Zhongguo Dang.Dai Er.Ke.Za Zhi. 2011;31(5):631-634. J Nat.Med 2009;63(4):421-429. Some studies also suggest that astragalus may reduce symptoms of myocarditis, which is inflammation of the heart muscle., For those with type 2 diabetes, astragalus may help lower and manage blood sugar levels., A study showed that taking astragalus daily can improve blood sugar levels after fasting and after meals when taken for several months. [Cerebral infarction in 141 cases treated by traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine]. View abstract. Dong XP. View abstract. View abstract. Historically and even today, they use it for chronic kidney disease, diabetes, heart health, adjunctive therapy during cancer, and as an adaptogen (stress support) among other ailments. View abstract. Ko, J. K., Lam, F. Y., and Cheung, A. P. Amelioration of experimental colitis by Astragalus membranaceus through anti-oxidation and inhibition of adhesion molecule synthesis. View abstract. 2009;9(12):1357-1365. Astragalus is an herb known scientifically as Astragalus membranaceus, and commonly as milk vetch and locoweed. 2003;23(10):733-735. Sun Y, Hersh EM, Talpaz M, et al. Astragalus ( Radix Astragali ), as a component of a Chinese herbal medicine, reduced fatigue by increasing the oxygen uptake in 12 athletes [ 70 ]. View abstract. Journal of Modern Clinical Medicine 2005;31:89-90. Ningxia Medical Journal 2006;28:220-221. Cho, W. C. and Leung, K. N. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulating and immunorestorative effects of Astragalus membranaceus. Chen, P. Y., Zhou, F., Chen, W. L., Ceng, Y., and Luo, L. Y. Astragalus is used in traditional Chinese medicine for night sweats and diarrhea . Chinese Journal of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine 1999;6(4):49. [11] This is perhaps the most important and popular use of astragalus, namely because everyone wants to live forever. 2004;24(7):589-592. Li H, Xu J. Chen J, Chen SQ. Liaoning Journal of Practical Diabetes 2002;10:34-35. The Chinese have used it for many centuries for its anti-aging, immune-boosting, and anti-inflammatory properties. Nutrients. Shen, P., Liu, M. H., Ng, T. Y., Chan, Y. H., and Yong, E. L. Differential effects of isoflavones, from Astragalus membranaceus and Pueraria thomsonii, on the activation of PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and adipocyte differentiation in vitro. It is an adaptogen, which means it can protect your body from physical, mental, and emotional stress. However, more studies are needed to confirm this effect (31). Li, L., Zhang, S. L., Zhong, X. L., Xu, L. L., and Duan, A. Y. Chin J Integr.Med 2006;12(1):29-31. In a clinical study, patients with heart failure were given 2.25 grams of astragalus twice daily for two weeks, along with conventional treatment. Yang, Y. View abstract. Dr. Wattles points out that astragalus is a source of antioxidants, so its plausible that it offers benefits similar to those of other antioxidants. Astragalus is believed to prolong life and used to treat a wide variety of ailments, such as fatigue, allergies and the common cold. [Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). If you are interested in taking dietary astragalus supplements, then you should take 200mg twice a day . Wang, F. Twenty-eight cases of diabetic foot ulcer and gangrene treated with the Chinese herbal medicine combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Harbin Med 1997;17(3):50-52. 2003;90(5):904-914. View abstract. 10. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1994;14(5):268-70, 259. Hong CY, Ku J, Wu P. Astragalus membranaceus stimulates human sperm motility in vitro. Astragalus: The Super Herb that Prevents Cancer She also thinks its a good option for people who would like to increase their energy level someone who wakes up after a full nights sleep and still feels depleted. In animal research, astragalus root has been shown to help kill bacteria and viruses in mice with infections (9, 10). The recommended dose is 20 to 60 drops three times a day. View abstract. Here are 15 natural ways to lower your blood sugar levels. Jiao X, Duan Y. For wrinkles and age spots this root can be extremely beneficial. Immune restoration and/or augmentation of local graft versus host reaction by traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. A typical dose is 500 milligrams (mg) taken two or three times a day. It is also used for energy tonics that are taken daily at certain times of the year. 2010;30(7):699-701. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The use of these supplements also seems to reduce levels of proteinuria in the kidneys. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1986;27(4):37-39. Effect of astragalus injection on heart failure in senile patients. Z., and Guo, W. Q. China Tropical Medicine 2007;7(8):1343-1344. The best time to harvest astragalus is during fall. The. Some medical professionals argue against taking herbal supplements for kidney disease, including astragalus supplements. You can buy astragalus tea in tea bags or make your own by simmering a tablespoon of dried, shredded astragalus root in two cups of water for 10 minutes. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine on Cardio/Cerebrovascular Disease 2005;3(11):1006. 2001;21(10):750-751. Zhang, J. G., Yang, N., He, H., Wei, G. H., Gao, D. S., Wang, X. L., Wang, X. Ma L, Yu J Han Y. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. View abstract. Cui, X., Trinh, K., and Wang, Y. J. Chinese herbal medicine for chronic neck pain due to cervical degenerative disc disease. Astragalus is an herb thats been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many centuries to boost the immune system. One study on mice found that astragalus improved exercise performance and reduced fatigue. 3. Persons taking any supplement or nootropic to impact sleep must be careful. View abstract. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:587021. [Nuclear cardiology study on effective ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus in treating heart failure]. 2001;22(12):1154-1158. View abstract. Astragalus benefits the immune system via its immunoregulatory properties. Chin J Integr.Med 2009;15(3):233-235. Hepatoprotective effects of astraglus root. 2009;65(1):67-71. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Song, J. Y., Meng, L. Q., and Li, X. M. [Therapeutic application and prospect of Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica sinensis in treating renal microvascular lesions]. View abstract. Evidence suggests that astragalus can increase macrophage activity. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. J Clin Lab Immunol 1988;25:125-9. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. 2003;28(8):746-751. View abstract. Clinical observation on the effect of Radix Astragali in the treatment of viral myocarditis complicated with ventricular premature beat and in the regulation of immunologic function. Wang L. The observation of Astragalus injection combined with Nitroglycerin for heart failure. Heilongjiang Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2004;3:8-9. Ye, Z. Yang YZ, Jin PY, Guo Q, et al. All rights reserved. Medicine Innovation Research 2008;5(2):102-103. View abstract. Cai, X. Y., Xu, Y. L., and Lin, X. J. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 5 people who take the same drugs from the FDA, and is updated regularly. Whats astragalus good for? Explained by Sharing Culture View abstract. The effect of Astragalus on early stage of diabetic nephropathy. it is particularly beneficial for chronic immune weakness. Chinese Medical Sciences Journal 1995;10(3):146-150. Zhang, H. Shi X. Ji J. L. The effect of Astragalus injection on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. 2006;26(9):625-628. Astragalus could significantly reduce exercise-induced fatigue in oxygen-deprived mice and improved exercise performance in trained mice [ 3, 71 ]. Don't take astragalus root if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have trouble swallowing or are taking immunosuppressant medications. While these studies are promising, more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of astragalus for preventing and treating infections. 10 Proven Health Benefits of Astragalus - Healthy Focus Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system. Still, some people swear by natural remedies for cold symptoms like runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, sneezing, watery eyes, headache, fatigue, and body aches. Astragalus Root: Health Benefits and Side Effects Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. If you have a sore throat, astragalus tea can coat those irritated membranes, she says. 2010;25(2):420-426. View abstract. Zhejiang J TCM 1994;29:487-488. Front Oncol 2021;11:632168. Therapeutic effect observation of Astragalus injection for congestive heart failure. Especially if you consume caffeine frequently. ", Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine: "Effects of astragalus on cardiac function and serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in patients with chronic heart failure. 2013;2013:842824. (Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine) 1994;14(10):598-600. Number of Warfarin sodium and Astragalus reports submitted per year: Common Warfarin Sodium and Astragalus drug interactions by gender *: female: Chronic kidney disease Renal injury Astragalus: Generic, Uses, Side Effects, Dosages, Interaction - RxList By talking to your doctor, you can find out if astragalus is right for you, and take it once in the morning and once in the evening to get the amazing benefits of the supplement. Luo X. Li, H. B., Ge, Y. K., Zhang, L., and Zheng, X. X. Astragaloside IV improved barrier dysfunction induced by acute high glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. View abstract. Astragalus ( Astragalus membranaceus) Astragalus is one of the most popular herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Wang, J. Y., Ma, G. W., Dai, S. Q., Rong, T. H., Wang, X., Lin, P., Ye, W. F., Zhang, L. J., Li, X. D., Zhang, X., and Yao, G. Y. Acta Pharmacol.Sin. Doses of up to 60 grams per day have been safely used for up to 4 months. [Clinical and experimental study on shen-qo injection with chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant tumor of digestive tract]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. Yang Y, Jin P, Guo Q, and et al. View abstract. Singapore Med J 1995;36:387-90. Clinical research of Huangqi Injection on left ventricular remodeling in congestive heart failure. Zhong.Nan.Da.Xue.Xue.Bao.Yi.Xue.Ban. Valerian. View abstract. View abstract. Which Supplements Should Be Avoided When Taking Statins Chin Med J (Engl) 1998;111:17-23. Clinical therapeutic effect observation of different doses of Huangqi injection for congestive heart failure. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021;18(1):57. Tianjin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2001;18(5):8. Astragalus has been shown to improve proteinuria in several studies involving individuals with kidney disease (29). What were Cardinal Richelieu accomplishments? Some possible side effects with oral use include rash, itching, nasal symptoms, or stomach discomfort, but these are uncommon. Astragalus Root Benefits, Uses, Side Effects and More - Dr. Axe Lu, D. C., Su, Z. J., and Rui, T. [Effect of jian yan ling on serum lipids, apoprotein and lipoprotein-a]. Ahmed, M. S., Hou, S. H., Battaglia, M. C., Picken, M. M., and Leehey, D. J. This adaptogen herb is a member of the Fabaceae or Leguminosae (pea or legume) family, the third largest plant family in the world. It is also used for energy tonics that are taken daily at certain times of the year. Its also used against heart disease, diabetes and other conditions. Sleep-related side effects from fish oil, such as sleepiness or insomnia, don't occur commonly, and when they do they usually improve within a couple of weeks as your body adjusts to the influx of omega-3 fatty acids. Ai, P., Yong, G., Dingkun, G., Qiuyu, Z., Kaiyuan, Z., and Shanyan, L. Aqueous extract of Astragali Radix induces human natriuresis through enhancement of renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide. Endocrine. The active compounds in astragalus root may help lower blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2010;24(3):199-208. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. The use of astragalus supplements for chemotherapy patients is still being tested and confirmed. Benefits of Astragalus: Does Astragalus Lower Blood Pressure? Guo, Q., Peng, T. Q., and Yang, Y. Shaanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2006;27(7):791-793. I call it wired but tired. It's when youre burnt out but a little anxious, she says. View abstract. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Theres not much research available to prove its effectiveness, but the NCCIH says it may be safe. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), Everything You Need to Know About Ginkgo Biloba, 5 Types of Tea That May Support Your Immune System, Kombucha 101: Nutrition, Health Benefits, Side Effects, and More, regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 22 Recipes That Can Strengthen Your Immune System, What Is Vitamin C? Z. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 2008;6(4):399-404. Astragalus: Benefits, Uses and Side Effects | INTEGRIS Health Supplements are available as capsules and liquid extracts. Some of the most popular natural cold . 4. Ashwagandha can be taken in the morning, at night, or at any other time of the day. If rest is the body's way of recharging, then the supplement can provide a much-needed boost to the batteries. View abstract. What Is the Difference Between Brahmi & Gotu Kola? 2006;26(4):319-321. J Agric.Food Chem. Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to inhibit immune responses, but its effect on hair loss is not clear. 1993;13(5):269-60. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. "Magnesium bisglycinate, in particular, can help with relaxation, sleep, and anxiety reduction. A Complete Scientific Guide, What Is the Anti-Inflammatory Diet? 2002;8(5):379-382. Though theres no official consensus on the most effective form or dosage of astragalus, 930 grams per day is typical (38). Speak to your doctor if you have kidney disease and before you use astragalus supplements. 2008;6(5):468-472. J Ethnopharmacol. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Xue.Bao. You can learn more about adrenal dysfunction, as well as how to address and treat it through an at-home protocol, . 6 Astragalus Benefits: Dosage & Safety | The Botanical Institute A study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Can you take astragalus at night? Ying, L. H. Observation of the therapeutic effect of Astragalus injection on diabetic nephropathy. Study on the effects of combined treatment with Radix Astragali injection for infantile viral myocarditis. Observation of western medicine combined with Huangqi injection for 36 patients with chronic heart failure. Astragalus. Phytother Res 2006;20(8):687-695. View abstract. Liu C, Li Y. View abstract. Zhang, J. G., Gao, D. S., and Wei, G. H. [Clinical study on effect of Astragalus injection on left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction]. Journal of Chinese Practical Medicine 2000;2(9):72. For example, its active compounds may help strengthen the immune system and reduce inflammation (5). 2004;87(9):1065-1070. A., Sun, L. M., and Chen, Y. X. Li, D. P., Chen, Q., and Yi, L. [Effects of yiqi huoxue method on cardiac function in patients with congestive heart failure]. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Academic Proceedings of National Emergency Medicine Conference on Serious Disease 2005;156-157. View abstract. Z., and Song, G. Y. Astragalus is sometimes also given as an injection or by IV in a hospital setting. Wang, R. T., Shan, B. E., and Li, Q. X. It is also used for energy tonics that are taken daily at certain times of the year. 2009;29(6):1192-1194. 2009;29(7):1402-1404. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 randomized clinical trials of radix astragali and its prescriptions for diabetic retinopathy. Chen, L., Xie, C., and Wu, L. Point injection of injectio radici astragali for treatment of post-chemotherapy adverse reactions. ", Institute for Traditional Medicine: "Astragalus. Gu, W., Yang, Y. Ashwagandha: The Essential Guide to This Ayurvedic Adaptogen Chen, H. 104 cases of acute viral myocarditis treated with Astragalus membranaceus injection. The root may also be ground into a powder, which can be brewed into teas (2). Hu S. Therapeutic effect observation of Huangqi injection as assisted treatment for chronic heart failure. Astragalus root is an adaptogen herb that aids the body in dealing with a variety of stressors, including chemical, physical and emotional stress. Zhongguo Zhen.Jiu. Some individuals may be allergic. Hypoglycemic effect of astragalus polysaccharide and its effect on PTP1B. CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN BEFORE USE: Known side effects of Astragalus include dry mouth, anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, change in appetite, headache, and insomnia. Preliminary study of traditional Chinese medicine treatment of minimal brain dysfunction: analysis of 100 cases. Speak to a doctor before giving astragalus supplements to a child. Xiong, M., He, Q., Lai, H., Huang, W., Wang, L., Yang, C., and Wang, J. Radix Astragali injection enhances recovery from acute acoustic trauma. Zheng, R. The double-blinding study on the effects of Compound recipe Qiang Qi pill in treating patients with VMC. Creatine therapy in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease): a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Its important to keep in mind that when we talk about astragalus we are talking about the speciesAstragalus membranaceus. View abstract. This article reviews the many potential benefits of astragalus. Do not give astragalus supplements to a child with a fever as this can make their condition worse. Virology 1992;187(1):56-62. Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Hong CY, Lo YC, Tan FC, et al. Xiangzhe J. 1986;6(1):62-64. Arch.Pharm.Res. Astragalus-Containing Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined With Chemotherapy for Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Some possible side effects with oral use include rash, itching, nasal symptoms, or stomach discomfort, but these are uncommon. J Tradit.Chin Med 1986;6(3):187-190. View abstract. Sichuan Journal of Physiological Sciences 2006;28(2):81. May Alleviate Side Effects of Chemotherapy, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Valerian Root Dosage for Anxiety and Sleep, The 20 Best Foods for People with Kidney Disease, The No BS Guide to Adaptogens for Hormonal Balance and Stress, 14 Easy Ways to Lower Blood Sugar Levels Naturally, 17 Foods to Avoid or Limit If You Have Bad Kidneys. Peng, M. H., Wang, X. Y., Sun, F. Y., Du, X. McCulloch, M., Broffman, M., Gao, J., and Colford, J. M., Jr. Chinese herbal medicine and interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. View abstract. Liu, J. P., Yang, M., and Du, X. M. Herbal medicines for viral myocarditis. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center immediately. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Nature's Answer, Licorice Root, Fluid Extract, Alcohol-Free, 2,000 mg, 1 fl oz (30 ml) $11.24. Li, Q., Li, F., and Lu, J. Extractum Nucis Vomicae for the Peripheral Nerve Pressure Symptoms of Cervical Spondylopathy: a Randomized Control Observation of 306 Cases. But for your average person, Astragalus is safe to take. Li X, Qu L, Dong Y, Han L, Liu E, Fang S, Zhang Y, Wang T. A review of recent research progress on the astragalus genus. Shanxi Journal of Chinese Traditional Medicine 2005;26:1285-1286. Solaray, Astragalus, 550 mg, 100 VegCaps - IHerb Omura, Y., Henoch, A., Shimotsuura, Y., Duvvi, H., Kawashima, H., and Ohki, M. Severe asthma with markedly increased asbestos of 2 types & TXB2, and markedly reduced acetylcholine, DHEA & drug uptake in parts of upper lungs, & similar abnormalities at respiratory & cardiac center of medulla oblongata: complete elimination of this asthma within 15 days using one optimal dose of astragalus & application of strong red light & EMF neutralizer on respiratory centers of abnormal medulla oblongata. Chinese Journal of Misdiagnosis 2008;8(23):5584-5585. Claudia received her MS in Nutrition from the University of Tennessee Knoxville in 2010. Master's Degree, Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville. Bao X. Astragalus injection for aged people with congestive heart failure. So if you are interested in taking astragalus, you must now be wondering what time of day you should take it so you can get the best results possible. Wang, F., Xiao, M. D., and Liao, B. Zhang, L. Wang Y. J. Wang G. Z. Astragalus is used in traditional Chinese medicine for night sweats and diarrhea. You can also get magnesium from a variety of food sources like bananas, dark leafy greens, nuts, avocados, and beans. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. Am J Health Syst.Pharm. Zhongguo Zhong Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Have you ever heard of astragalus? 8-1-1996;12(4):386-393. Also, let your anesthesiologist know you have been taking Valerian. Shi, H. M., Dai, R. H., and Fan, W. H. [Intervention of lidocaine and Astragalus membranaceus on ventricular late potentials]. However, more studies. However, more research is needed. Astragalus may cause immunomodulation (a change or increase in your body's immune response). Cheng, Z. R. Fang B. Q. Cheng Z. F. Song J. Fu X. View abstract. View abstract. In Chinese, it's called huang qi, which means "yellow life energy." That's because the root is . Practical Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology 2006;23:439-440. Astragalus (Astragalus . 2005;1-72. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on plasma BNP and NT-BNP during chronic heart failure. Zeng, F. The effect of Astragalus injection on incipient diabetic nephropathy and plasma endothelin. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Fish Oil Sleep Side Effects. Though there are over 2,000 species of astragalus, only two are primarily used in supplements Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus mongholicus (2). Zhou, R. F., Liu, P. X., and Tan, M. [Effect of Astragalus mongholicus injection on proliferation and apoptosis of hormone sensitive (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines with physiological dose E2]. Li W, Zhao W. Clinical observation of Astragalus injection for 50 cases with chronic congestive heart failure. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1994;14(4):199-202. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;32(5):744-747. Zhao Z, Liu F Yang L. Huangqi injection as the assisted treatment for congestive heart failure. View abstract. Su, L., Mao, J. C., and Gu, J. H. [Effect of intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide with high-dose Astragalus injection in treating lupus nephritis].
Peter Simon Presenter Net Worth,
2018 Chevy Malibu Transmission Problems,
East Coweta High School Schedule,
What Happened To Spearmint Licorice,
Articles C
